Female Empowerment In The Developing Countries Sociology Essay

Female Em force-outment In The Developing Countries Sociology EssayOver the years, the issues of sex in comparability and womanish empowerment in the exploitation countries and sub-Saharan Africa in particular cook been a c wholly for concern by local, national, Sub-regional, regional and international Institutions and governments per se to promote emergence. Unlike women in the developed counties who ar, in relative terms economically charge and sport a powerful voice that demands an audience, and positive action, women in the developing countries have been principally silent and their voices have been stifled by economic and cultural factors. In Sub-Saharan Africa, economic and cultural factors, coupled with institutional factors dictate grammatical gender establish division of labor, rights, responsibilities, opportunities and vex to and ascendance over resources. However, literacy, rearing, employment, access to media as well as decision making argon some of the mos t disputed atomic number 18as of gender disparity and womanly empowerment in SSA. (UNDP 2005)However, this project is focus to analyze why the process of gender and young-bearing(prenominal) empowerment is lower than expected in SSA. Therefore, to have a flexible understanding of the analyzes, the project would analyze the issues of gender and empowerment in SSA and to give circumspection to some country statics and analyses on gender variations in urban and rural milieus. To have a balanced presentation of the analyses, the project would make use of the modernization and in comparability theory to argue the facts. new-fashioned studies indicate that women in the developing countries and SSA in particular, lack enough access to productive resources such as land, education, employment, wellness services, decision making, basic human rights and foul tralatitious indicators are some of the socio-economic marginalization of women in these societies.AnalyzesGender and educationIn 1948, the Universal Declaproportionn of Human Right acknowledged that everyone has the right to go to school (UDHR article 26), but yet educational inequation is still a major(ip) violation of rights of women and girls and an important barrier to social, economic and personal learning in SSA. Since then, a number of treaties and declarations have been adopted to turn these aspirations into reality, but nevertheless discrimination on female education remains pervasive in most societies of SSA. (UNESCO 2003) According to DFID (2006), in Sub-Saharan Africa, the advancedest numbers of out of school girls are in Ethiopia, Ghana, Nigeria and Mozambique.Considering the case of Mozambique in SSA, gender disparity in primary, secondary coil and especially tertiary education continuously persist despite government and international stipulations. Following a CIA 2006 report Mozambique has a population of 19.7million and 800,000 square km. and as one of the largest vile countries in souther n Africa, faces a set of unique organic evolution challenges such as physical and social-cultural infrastructure and effective local garbage disposal is far lacking behind. (CIA 2006)A UNDP (2004) report also points out that 32 percent of the population is 6-18 years of age with annual population growth send of 2.3 percent and child mortality rate is 152 per 1000 and most Mozambicans are non expected to survive to a greater extent than 40 years of age cod to HIV/AIDS, malaria, and extreme scantiness which girls and women are the most indefensible. Following a similar view, primary education is compulsory and free, but yet parents are futile to afford school needs for kids such as school uniforms, books, shoes and other related materials, because of poverty and other tralatitious influences and the obvious result is lose out from school and the most affected are girls. (UNDP 2004)Generally, gender gap in access to education pronounces much in the secondary and tertiary tr ains in the developing countries and SSA in particular than in primary direct. In an article of UNFPA (2005), based on 2001/2002 millennium indicator data base of United Nations, the ratio of female enrollment in the secondary school per 100 boys is 46 in Benin, 57 in Equatorial Guinea, 60 in Cambodia, 62 in Djibouti and 65 in Burkina Faso. The report therefore indicate that disparity in education increases at prouder(prenominal) level of studies in most developing countries of SSA (UNFPA 2005)Although the puzzle of gender disparity in education have been affected by poverty and traditional upheavals, the government and International Institutions have taken forceful measures to ensure a balance in education on some(prenominal) sexes in most developing societies and communities (SSA). Yet there is still a de luxe difference amongst rural and urban enrollment in most of this societies. However, the issue of gender distinction remains a fact in educational sector though might e quate as time elapses in SSA.Gender and employmentOne of the areas where there is high gender disparity between males and female in SSA is at the employment status which is manifested at occupational segregation, gender based-wage gaps, womens misappropriate representation in the informal employment, un salaried jobs and higher unemployment ratio (UNDP 2005) if development is non engendered it is endangered (ibid) This means that the fact that women are under-represented in the formal sector hampers development since traditional Muslim women and rural African women are mostly engaged in home(prenominal) unpaid jobs.As women in Sub-Saharan Africa have low status in the community, the activities they perform go to be less valued and that explains why womens low status is perpetrated by their low status activities (ibid). Almost everywhere women are worst paid than men in the aforesaid(prenominal) operation do(Hedman 1996 p 19) In-depth analyses on women employment status by Hind in (2005) showed that only 17% women in Zimbabwe, 12% in Zambia and 4% in Malawi are employed at higher status paid jobs meanwhile the respective percentages of women whose partners have higher status jobs are 52, 43 and 53 percentages (Hindin 2005, p 121)Women are overrepresented in the informal sector in the developing countries especially in Sub-Saharan Africa. The 2009 World Economic Forum Gender jailbreak Report holds that women in SSA have very difficult working conditions and even harsh particularly in countries with higher informal sectors. These women have undefined work places, unsafe and unhealthy working conditions and often low level of skills and productivity. They receive low or irregular in necks have long working hours, lack access to information, market, finance training and technology. According to the equivalent report, rural African women are the most affected by this situation, about 85 % in Somalia, 70 % in Gambia and 90 % in Zimbabwe respectively. (WEFGGR 2 009)Following a BBC world news report 2005, rural African women do not have access to media to get more information on market situation and world trends since most of them are illiterates, poor and local farmers. According to this report, less than 2% of rural Sub-Saharan African women read newspaper and women are disadvantaged with regard to women access to watch television. The report indicated that in the year 2000, among girls and women aged 6-49, only 3.6% and 6.9% had access to television in Malawi and Rwanda respectively. (BBC world news report 2005)Employment gender segregation is mostly found in rural areas than urban cities in developing countries. Take for represent in Cameroon in SSA, employment gender related issue are lower in big cities such as Yaound, Douala, Baffoussam, Ebolowa, Bamenda and many other major cities than in rural outskirt villages where the main source of employment is farming. Here women do the bulk of the job though informal but are relegated at th e background because of traditional beliefs. Local farming is the main source of employment, but yet traditional norms do not give women access to landownership, credit accounts and a complicated inheritance tradition is practiced. (Cameroon tribune 2004)Gender and Decision makingThe fact that Sub-Saharan African women have low access to education, employment chances and couple with throttle media access and other cultural upheavals minimizes their decision making power in general and in the household as well. (UNDP 2005) No nightclub treat it women the same as men (ibid). Regarding decision making at household level, local level, community level, and national level of women in Africa, though parliamentary representation has softly increase, no country in the world has reach gender parity level in decision making.(ibid). According to data obtain from the millennium development indicator of the United Nations cited in UNPFA (2005) women represent 16% of world parliamentary seats, 21% in the developed world, and 14% in the developing countries. This minimal parliamentary representation of women could be due, among other issues, different electoral systems in different countries, womens socio-economic status, socio-cultural status, traditional and other cultural beliefs of womens place in the family and party and of course womens double burden of work and responsibilities. (UNFPA 2005)Womens low decision power, particularly in SSA, is more pronounced at the rural than urban localities as well as in house hold decisions making. According to a survey carried out by Emmanuel Vasty (1993) about 50% of women in the northern Muslim region of Nigeria stated that they cannot freely purchase childrens clothing without the full decision of their husband nor carry a child to the infirmary without the dictum of their husbands. This they claim is according to Muslim tradition and beliefs that a man is superior in every aspect and therefore they have to succumb to mens o rders. (Emmanuel, 1993 p 74)Similarly, data of low decision power making is seen in the analyzes of Hindin (2005) in join SSA countries such as Zimbabwe, Mozambique, Malawi, Somalia and Cameroon. According to Hindin analyzes, rural women are the most low powered than urban women in these conutries. In the rural villages where well traditional beliefs prevail and are in favor of men, men are more likely to have a final say over womens own health care, large household purchases, visiting relatives, what food to cook as well as the number of kids to bear and when to have this children. Most of these decisions are jointly make in urban households since most of the females are well exposed and educated therefore participate in household decision making. (Hindin 2005, p 164)Gender and povertyAccording to IFAD (2005) it is asserted that there is feminization of poverty in gender especially in SSA and mostly in local outskirt villages and around urban slumps. That generally, poverty among women is rising faster than poverty among men. Following the same IFAD survey report, the poverty level of women living in the rural areas and urban slumps increased to 48% in 1965-70 and in the mid 1980s, by comparison, the numbers of poor men were 30% within the same period. poverty has a womans face-of 1.3 billion people living in poverty, 70% are women (ibid) This intelligibly indicate that women are the most vulnerable in extreme situations like war, disease, widowhood, poor inheritance rights, ownership of resources, and other traditional and cultural factors contribute to the high rate of female poverty level. (IFAD 2005)Gender subordination does not arise out of poverty per se, though a strong association is often made between gender and poverty, women are said to form the majority of the poor according to UNDP (2004 p 7) This means that Sub-Saharan African women despite the gender react to reduce poverty are still subjected to poverty because of their subordinated positi on in the society. Developing women especially in SSA are not yet free because of strong traditional attachment and the fact that they are relegated at a private influence keep them dependant to their partners.(UNDP, 2004, p 7)According to Kabeer (1996) traditional subordination is the find out factor of poverty among girls and women in the following developing African countries Ethiopia, Somalia, Burundi, Rwanda, Nigeria, Burkina Faso and Chad. Kabeer argue that because these countries are both made up of Muslims and Christians, women and girls in the Muslim sector of the countries are bound to be affected by poverty because of strict Muslim customs and traditions. The main source of income is by pastoral normadism in rural areas query from place to place in search of greener pastures for cattles. These local nomads have to move along with their wives and kids which indicate that steady education is not secured for the girls and other children and the wife depends soly on the sal e of cattles for sustenance and decision on sales is carried out by the man. Therefore, the wife and kids stay poor and voiceless at the background. (Kabeer 1996, p 89)Kabeer in his analyzes however argue that rural women in developing countries especially in SSA are always affected by poverty because they are mostly engaged in non income paying jobs at the private spheres and in the household while measure financial decisions and income jobs are done by the men. In a typical traditional African setting women stay at home to take care of kids, prepare food, clean up the house, do laundry, and other domestic unpaid jobs. meantime men go out there in search of income paid jobs and according to traditional beliefs a good wife is one who is not raffishly seen in public. That is why women are dumfounded with poverty and take whatever men give to them without much argument. However, some households have realized that it is necessary for women to be educated and have a job that would red uce the burden on men and relief women from poverty. (ibid)Gender and HealthGender gaps are also permanent in health status in access to health services and health outcomes (World Bank 1993, cited in WHO 1995, p 21) This means that the issue of gender inequality, poverty and female empowerment needs to be addressed in health status reforms in Sub-Saharan Africa and especially in the interior villages where there are little or no health services and women are badly affected during pregnancy to birth. In conformity with the same survey carried out by WHO in 1990, rural masses in SSA, over 36% of healthy lives are lost by adult women age 15-44 was caused by reproductive health problems especially gestation related causes and sexually transmitted diseases (STD) compared to only 12% for men. There is therefore a clear indication that women are more vulnerable to sexually transmitted diseases and complicated health issues especially during delivery. Following the same survey, an additio nal 5% of healthy life lost by women caused by domestic violence and rape. (WHO 1995, p 21)It is certain that the gap between the health status of the rich and poor is at least wide like a degree Celsius ago and have become wider still (ibid) Health policies to improve the lives of the poor have been the main focus for the past 25 years and rural women are the most endangered by poor health services since most communities go without a full train medical doctor. Health diagnoses are done by traditional herbalist and women are vulnerable to more contracted and complicated health problems. (WHO 1995)According to UNICEF (2004) the disparity between developed and developing countries maternity mortality ratio is greater than for any other indicator. Every year around 200 million women become pregnant, approximately 150 million come to terms, 20 million of the pregnancies are unsafe abortions many of which tend out to have complications, disabilities and death, of the remainder there are 500,000 maternal deaths and a except 20 million women suffer severe and disability poor pregnancy management and delivery (WHO 1994) However, the majority of the affected in maternity mortality is in the developing countries in the aforementioned statistics. It was estimated by WHO 1994 that, in Chad, Somalia, Burkina Faso, Nigeria, and Cameroon approximately, there are 10 medical doctors per 1000 pregnant women in urban city general hospital in SSA and 1 medical doctor in a whole rural sub-division with approximated population of 5000 people. (World Bank 1994, p 2, WHO 1995/UNICEF 1996)Gender and PowerThe influence of power greatly affect gender relations especially in household decision making and power differ depends on the region and level of pictorial matter of the female. From every indication, African girls and women have been deprived of their rights and power and this have been however backed by traditional justifications. This has been a prevalent in many Sub-Saharan Af rican countries that practice patriarchal succession especially in countries like Ethiopia, Somalia, Rwanda, Burundi, Burkina Faso, Equatorial Guinea, and Cameroon respectfully. There is a traditional belief in these countries that women have to be docile, submissive, tolerant, answerable, obedient, loyal, domestic and faithful for which there is traditional justification. These superior rights given to boys by tradition compel females to be inferior and lack total power and control over their own lives and obligations. (Hirut 2004 p 35-42)The socialization processes that determines gender roles in Sub-Saharan Africa are partly the reasons for the subjugation of females in these countries and societies rendering them powerless to an extent. Power determines the level of inequality between sexes and power relations differ from urban to rural and the more education a female acquire the more she become empowered and ignores most traditional subordination norms. Therefore, education giv es power to most females to know their rights and obligations though traditional values still prevail despite the amount of education a female acquire in SSA. The issue of power relations in most households is felt differently in urban and rural areas in SSA. (ibid)The differences in the way individuals are treated through their socialization process, due mainly to their sex status, leads to real psychological and personality problems between males and females irrespective of their level of exposure. In most African countries, society is socialized in such a way that boys have autonomous powers and girls are rendered inferior. In the process of genteelness boys are expected to learn and become self reliant, bread winners, authoritative, decisive and accountable in different activities meanwhile girls are brought up to conform, obedient, dependant, and specialized in private spheres activities like cooking, washing clothes, fetching water, caring for children and other household do mestic activities irrespective of their level of education and exposure. This traditional socialization processes and unequal opportunities have made the process of gender equality slow in most Sub-Saharan African countries. (ibid)Gender and CultureThe fight on gender equality and female empowerment have been greatly influenced by cultural factors in the developing countries. Most African countries such as Nigeria, Cameroon, Burkina Faso, Ghana, Ivory Coast etc have diverged cultural backgrounds and have different perceptions on the issue of gender and female empowerment. (UN 2005) Traditional and religious beliefs have been the major cultural roadblocks for gender equality and female empowerment. Considering the fact that most African countries have Christians and Muslim populations, the issue of gender is more obstructed by the Muslim since Muslim norms are a proscribed if disrespect. (Hirut 2004) Generally speaking, traditional norms, Muslim norms and Christian beliefs accept fe male subordination as a good practice and hence make it difficult for equality to reign in developing societies. (ibid)A UNDP (2005) report indicates that female enrolment in schools is generally lower in Muslim sectors than Christians in countries that have both Muslim and Christian populations in SSA. This means that education which is the main tool for female empowerment and gender equality is considered wastage of resources in some Muslim communities because of preposterous Islam beliefs. Christian and other traditional beliefs also favor female subordination exposing men at a dominant position causing major obstacles for female empowerment. Although more Christians and Muslim societies have realized the importance of female education that gives girls and women power through employment and exposure, other factors such as poverty and traditional mal practices are still a socio-cultural hindrance to the issue of gender and female empowerment in SSA. (ibid)ConclusionIn the end, th e issue on gender and female empowerment in the development process of Sub-Saharan African remains a heated debate among scholars, theorist, Institutions, researchers, Governments, NGOs and International Organizations to find a kind of progression to intrude in the cultural justification of female subordination in the development process of SSA. Contrasting studies have also questioned if the fight for gender equality and female empowerment is an actual push to enhance African development or it is just a way to impose western and North American superiority?The question on why is the issue of gender equality and female empowerment slower than expected in the development process of SSA is a question of perspective. Many reasons can account for high gender inequality and low female empowerment in SSA, but this depends on which angle the problem is viewed. Throughout the project, the problem of gender inequality and slow female empowerment have been viewed at a cultural and traditional dimension explained by inequality and the modernization theory meaning that the project have choose to analyze the problems of inequality on the factors caused by culture and traditional values in SSA. That not withstanding, the same question can be analyzed by other economic and socio-political factors.In the course of the project, a lot of factors have been illustrated as elements responsible for gender inequality and slow female empowerment in the development process of Sub-Saharan Africa. The elements analyzed by the project as responsible for high gender inequality in SSA are poverty, illiteracy, cultural barriers, traditional beliefs, disease and HIV/AIDS, unemployment, decision making and the issue of power sharing are all accountable for low female empowerment in the development process of SSA. Research have proven that the slow development process in SSA is not about gender equality, because gender inequality exist everywhere in the world, and inequality still exist among sexes regardless of the level of development a society have undergone.In connection to the two theories used in the beginning of this project, it is crystal clear that gender inequality would still persist irrespective of the scientific advancement of a society. This is clearly seen by tracing the origin of male domination, sex distinction and predisposition of men in extreme conditions as explained by the inequality theory. In the other hand, cultural roadblocks are viewed by the modernization school as the reason for wide gender gap in the development process of SSA. That notwithstanding, cultural values endures despite technological improvement in any society.However, the issue of gender inequality needs a serious attention from both local, national, sub-regional, regional governments and International Organization to seek for alternative approaches in the development process of SSA. Although policies and institutions have been put in place pertaining womens elaborateness in th e development process of SSA, existing programs and strategies should be reviewed to make the efforts more effective and innovative. To empower and integrate women in the fight for gender equality and the development process of SSA, the local government and International Institutions can embark on the following, intensify family planning methods, encourage more female education, fight early marriages and bring forth conditions for women to work and earn an income, focusing on gender rural development programs especially working to bring cultural evolution toward gender equality in all aspects, and strategies of such programs should consider region specific problems i.e. customs and traditions in order to be more effective. This project ends up asking some questions for further investigation by other researchers, Can the equation of gender and female empowerment actually facilitate the development process of Africa? Or the true problems of Africas underdevelopment are political and economic stagnation caused by it tragic history.