Monday, September 30, 2019

Modern technology is enhancing social life

Technology is indispensable in solving modern problems, enhancing social life and ensuring a better future (Diamond 240). Technology is the application of scientific knowledge to reach among others industrial and commercial objectives of an organization or a society. It has cultural, organizational and technical aspects (Freeman and Francisco 142). Technology has become a powerful tool that is being used to improve social life and solve human problems like poverty and deceases. In addition, technology has increased the power of human beings to control and manipulate nature thereby enhancing our ability to adapt to the environment (Global Scenario Group Report 19).Despite all the benefits of technology, it has negative side effects like unemployment. It is therefore important to assess dangers and promises of a technology in order to formulate safeguards to eliminate its negative impacts or its misuse. It is also important to put limits on some technologies like biotechnology so as to harness their full potential without lowering the dignity of human beings (Freeman and Francisco 327).DiscussionThere are many areas in which technology impact positively in the society. The globalization of the internet for example, has extended and empowered the human network (Cisco Systems E25). It has changed positively the manner in which social, political, commercial and personal interactions are occurring. The internet presents a platform on which businesses can be run, emergencies can be addressed and individuals can be informed. It is being used to support education, science and government. (Global Scenario Group Report 24).Education has immense impact on a society. It trains the human mind to think and make right decisions. Through education, one acquires knowledge and information which can be used to solve problems like unemployment in a society (Cisco Systems E27). Technology enhances the processes of communication, collaboration and engagement which are fundamental bui lding blocks of education. It supports and enriches students learning experiences.It helps to deliver learning materials like interactive activities, assessments and feedbacks to a larger number of students faster and cheaper. In contrast to traditional learning methods which provide only two sources of expertise, that is, the textbook and the instructor which are limited in format and timing, online courses can contain voice, data and video which enhance understanding (Cisco Systems E30). Technology has thus removed geographical barriers to education and improved students’ learning experiences.Technology has facilitated the formation of global communities through social networks like facebook. This has fostered social interactions independent of geographical location (Global Scenario Group Report 27). The online communities enable sharing of valuable ideas and information capable of increasing productivity and opportunities in a society. For example, one can post to a forum to share health and treatment information with other members of the forum from all over the world. Though this kind of interaction is not physical, people are still able to share their social experiences and values more efficiently with people from diverse backgrounds.Technology has also helped to reduce poverty. Advancement in technology has led to new efficient sources of energy even to poor rural communities. The availability of cheap sources of energy opens up a society to investments and economic activities (Diamond 253). For example, technology has made it possible through genetic engineering to engineer crops that convert solar energy to fuels more efficiently.Governments are thus able to provide cheaper efficient sources of energy even to poor rural communities since solar energy is available virtually anywhere in the world (Freeman and Francisco 307).   Genetic engineering can also be used to create plants that produce valuable products like silicon chips for computers ef ficiently. This can result in improved income and living standards to members of a society. Technology can therefore bring about social revolution by enriching villages thereby attracting people and wealth from cities (Freeman and Francisco 331).Technology enables farms in remote places to function as part of the global economy. Through advancement in technology, agricultural outputs have improved thus ensuring food security. Technology helps farmers to avoid losses caused by natural disasters like drought. For example, a farmer can use a laptop enabled with a Global Positioning System to plant his or her crops with precision and efficiency resulting in high harvests.At harvest time, the farmer can use technology to co-ordinate harvesting with the availability of grain a transporter and storage facilities using mobile wireless technology. This can help to reduce losses caused by delays. The grain transporter can monitor the vehicle in-route to maintain the best fuel efficiency and s afe operation. In addition, through technology changes in status can be relayed to the driver of the vehicle instantly (Cisco Systems E34).   Technology has thus improved efficiency and effectiveness in the agricultural sector. It has enabled societies to have abundant healthy food.Modern technology is also widely used in the entertainment and travel industries. The internet has enabled people to share and enjoy many forms of recreation, regardless of their location. For example, one can explore different places interactively without having to visit them. Technology has also enabled the creation of new forms of entertainment, such as online games (Cisco Systems E36). Entertainment is important in a society since it reduce stress and problems caused by depression.Fears have been raised about some technologies such as nuclear weapons being used to cause massive destructions in the world (Freeman and Francisco 308). But the global community has the ability to enforce controls and lim its on technology use to ensure that technology is not misused.   A beneficial technology cannot therefore be abandoned when measures can be put in place to shape and direct its use. Moreover, governments in the form of regulatory institutions and professional bodies have the potential to regulate technologies that are susceptible to misuse to ensure that they do not impact negatively on values of the society (Freeman and Francisco 316).ConclusionTechnology is embedded in all aspects of our society and has extensive implications on culture and social activities. Technology has significantly improved health, agriculture, education, transport and communication sectors. These are critical sectors in any society as they contribute to development and improvement of living standards. Although some technologies might have side effects, measures can be put in place by governments and the international community to ensure that all technologies are used for the benefits of the society.Analy sis and evaluation1.The sources I used are qualified on the subject of technology and its social impacts. Cisco Corporation is a leading and credible technology firm. Its products are widely accepted all over the world. In the Cisco Corporate Social Responsibility Report of 2009 the organization outlined its key activities and how they contribute to the social welfare of the community. Cisco also offers certification courses that are very popular world wide.The Cisco Networking Academy Program is a good example of how technology can be used to enhance learning experience. In the program, the instructor provides a syllabus and establishes a preliminary schedule for completing the course content. The expertise of the instructor is supplemented with an interactive curriculum comprising of text, graphics, audio and animations. In addition, a tool called packet tracer is provided to build virtual representations of networks and emulate functions of various networking devices (Cisco Syste ms E31).Freeman and Francisco in their book give a lot of examples of how technology can be used to enhance social life. They also point out some side effects of modern technology and how they can be addressed. In addition, the publisher of this book, Oxford University Press is a credible publisher and the source can thus be relied on.Some social impacts of the modern technology are common in homes and workplaces. For example, the impacts of the internet on commerce are common. Majority of people have embraced electronic commerce and are buying goods and services online from the comfort of their homes. Electronic commerce has thus opened new doors of opportunities that are being exploited in the society.Diamond in his book explores the rise of civilization, discussing the evolution of agriculture and technology and their impact on the society. He gives clear examples of how technology has improved the social welfare of communities especially through improvements in agricultural prod uction. Some of the examples he gives are common and can easily be related to what is going around.The Global Scenario Group report is a credible source. Its main sponsors who include Stockholm Environment Institute, Rockefeller Foundation, the Nippon Foundation, and the United Nations Environment Programme are advocacy organizations in the fields of technology and the environment. The research explored the historical background of technology, the current situation and what the future might look like. It gives clear examples of major scientific discoveries that are driving technology and their potential impacts.If I had adequate time, I would do additional research to find more information on effective measures the international community can take to ensure that technology is not misused. I would particularly focus on tools the international community can employ to protect technology from irresponsible individuals like terrorists. This is because technology itself is not bad, but it is the human beings who in some cases use it irresponsibly. Therefore, if correct measures and controls are put in place technology can be used for the benefit of all in the society. This can eliminate fears and most of the side effects of technology.2a. Technology shapes institutions, values and day to day activities in our society. It affects identities, relationships, social structures and economic activities (Freeman and Francisco 316). Technology is thus inevitable in the modern world. The internet has enhanced our social, political, commercial and personal interactions enabling us to share information and ideas more efficiently. Technology has significantly improved the quality of education. It has enabled learning materials to reach a larger number of students efficiently and cheaply. An improvement in the quality of education enhances the social life of a community since it enables individuals to make creative decisions capable of solving social problems.Technology has faci litated the formation of online communities were members can share their diverse experiences and ideas. This has the potential of increasing productivity in a society. In addition, technology has helped to reduce poverty. It has resulted in efficient sources of energy even in rural areas thereby opening up rural areas for investments and developments. Modern technology has also improved efficiency in the agricultural sector therefore ensuring food security. Moreover, I discussed how modern technology has been used in the entertainment and travel industries to create new forms of entertainments like online games. Finally, I noted that although some technologies have side effects, governments and the international community have the potential to direct and control the use of technology for the benefit of the society.2b.Some of the evidences I used include the Cisco Networking Academy Program which is an example of how technology can be used to improve quality of education. The second evidence is of a farmer using a laptop enabled with a Global Positioning System to plant his crops with precision and efficiency. The example illustrates how technology can be used to improve agricultural production. The third evidence illustrates how genetic engineering can be used to engineer crops that convert solar energy to fuels more efficiently. The energy can then be used in the rural areas to create wealth and employment opportunities. Finally, I illustrated how technology has been used in the entertainment and travel industry to create new forms of entertainment like online games.2c.The major assumption I made is that the international community has the potential to control and direct the use of technology. This is only possible if there is peace and cooperation among all countries of the world. But this is not the case especially in the Middle East. The instability in countries like Iran and the existence of extremists have increased fears of technology being used to caus e massive destruction.3.Someone might ague that technology is a problem because we rely on it so much and that although it makes us better it also make us worse. My position is that in any human community there must be control and order. It is therefore the responsibility of governments to ensure that the society is protected from negative effects of technology.   Some people might point out the destructive effects of technology on the environment to ague against it. But if correct measures are put in place we will be able to assess the dangers and promises of any technology in order to formulate effective safeguards against its side effects.Works citedCisco Systems, Inc. Cisco Corporate Social Responsibility Report. cisco.com. Cisco Systems, Inc. 2009. Web. 2009.Diamond, Jared. Guns, Germs, and Steel:   The Fates of Human Societies. New York.   W.W. Norton. 1999. Web.Freeman, Chris and Francisco Louca. As Time Goes By:   From the Industrial Revolutions to the Information Re volution. England. Oxford University Press. 2001. Web.Global Scenario Group Report. Great Transition: The Promise and Lure of the Times Ahead.     gsg.org. Global Scenario Group. Web. 2002.

Sunday, September 29, 2019

An Introduction to the Im Profession and Ethics Paper

De La Salle University – Manila An Introduction to the IM Profession and Ethics Paper Presented to The Faculty of the College of Computer Studies De La University – Manila In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Science of Information Systems By: Changcoco, Amos Dimla, Ysabel Nicole Ramchand, Pavan Tanchuling, Bianca Denise Tibayan, Jan Michael 1. 0 COMPUTER AND INTERNET CRIME 1. 1 Types of Exploits 1. 1. 1Virus It is a malicious code that is attached to a file or executable program that can hack the files of the victim’s computer and reformat, delete or modify the files.The virus is executed only when the file that contains the virus is opened or if the program with the virus is executed as well. It leaves infections as it travels from one computer to another. The spread of the virus relies on the users whenever users would use removable media devices, download or through e-mails. An example of a computer virus would be the Pikac hu virus which was the first computer virus directed to children. It was said that the virus started on June 28, 2000 from Asia or the Pacific Ocean region.The virus was an email titled, â€Å"Pikachu Pokemon† with the message, â€Å"Pikachu is your friend. † The email contained the image of the cartoon character, ‘Pikachu’ from the TV series Pokemon, with the message, â€Å"Between millions of people around the world I found you. Don’t forget to remember this day every time MY FRIEND. † The Pikachu virus infected only a few companies in the United States through Microsoft Outlook email attachments or through Microsoft’s Internet Explorer browser.The reason why only a few companies were harmed and why the virus was not as viral is that the virus was not coded properly and would ask the user if the virus can delete the files in the user. 1. 1. 2Worm A worm is a malicious code that is used for bringing down the computer system. A worm do es not infect files, however, it monopolies the computer’s CPU and operating system and is capable of deleting data and programs. It infects a computer by finding vulnerability in an application or operating system. A worm is self-replicating and uses a network to replicate itself to other computer.It does not rely on human interaction for spreading to other computers. An example would be the Morris Worm or also known as the Great Worm. Created by a Cornell University student named Robert Tappan Morris in the year 1968, the Morris Worm consisted of 99 lines of code. Robert Morris wanted to know how big the Internet was and made the worm to find the answer. It is noted that the creator did not have malicious intent in making this worm; however, the worm infected immense amounts of stability problems that made many systems unusable.The damage was over 6,000 infected UNIX machines which cost between $10,000,000 and $100,000,000. This example is an ethical dilemma because the cre ator did not have evil intentions in making the worm but did have bad effects on most people in America. This dilemma would be ethical based on the psychological egoism theory because Robert Morris acted on his selfish motive whether he should or not, which made him moral. Based on the hedonism theory, it was ethical of Morris because he was only doing his duty without knowing that his actions would bring upon negative effects. 1. 1. 3Trojan HorseNamed after the Trojan horse from Troy which was used to infiltrate the enemy’s territory through a disguise, the Trojan horse is disguised as something else (such as a program or file) but is actually a malicious code or may contain malicious code. Similar to viruses, a Trojan horse is executed when the file with the virus is opened or the program with the malicious code is executed also. A Trojan horse can do from light damages such as changing the desktop and the like, to threatening damage, such as deleting files, stealing data, or activating and spreading other malware, to the victim’s software.Trojan horses are also used to create a ‘back door’ in the operating system so that the hackers can access the system. However, the Trojan horse cannot duplicate itself nor it can self-replicate. It would need the user to spread to other computers. An example of a Trojan horse would be from the pirated version of Apple’s suite of software, iWork. iServices was the Trojan horse part of the pirated version of iWork, which would signal the hackers that the Mac is infected and the hacker has access to the system.This is an ethical dilemma because the people who buy pirated software such as the iWork do not know that there is a Trojan horse in the software. It was unethical of the sellers to place a Trojan horse in the software without the consent of their customers’ because deontology theory states that it was not the duty of the vendors to hack into the systems of their customers in th e first place. Another reason why it was unethical because of the theory of altruism because the interest of others was not thought about since many people will suffer due to the actions of the vendors.This is another reason why it is unethical, because of the utilitarianism, which is consequences-based. Lastly, the social contract theory states that the actions of the vendors were unethical because it is against the law to hack and infiltrate private property. Logic bomb is a type of Trojan horse that is triggered only by a series of specific events such as a specific sequence of keystrokes or a change in a file. 1. 1. 4Botnets A botnet is a network of infected computers that are controlled by bots.Named after the word ‘robot’, a bot is a type of malware that allows an attacker to take control of an affected computer. Criminal can take over the controlled computer such as sending out spam, spread viruses, attack computer and can even cause crime and fraud, without the owner knowing it. Bots are also called computer zombie because the computer has no control over its actions since hackers are in charge of its actions. 1. 1. 5Distributed Denial-Of-Service Attacks (DDoS Attacks) A Distributed Denial-of-Service Attack is when a malicious hacker controls computers through the Internet.It is an attempt in preventing the computer owner to use network resource or machine. It is composed of one or more people trying to disenable a certain host from being connected to the Internet. 1. 1. 6Rootkits The name rootkit comes from the two words ‘root’, which pertains to the point it attacks, which would be the administrator or the source or the root, and ‘kit’ because of the set of programs. A rootkit is a set of programs that enables its user to gain administrator level access to a computer without the user’s consent or knowledge.The owner of the rootkit is capable of executing files and changing system configurations on the tar get machine, as well as accessing log files or monitoring activity to covertly spy on the user's computer usage. It is hard to detect if a computer system has a rootkit malware. 1. 1. 7Spam E-mail spam is when e-mail systems send unsolicited e-mail to large numbers of people. Spam mostly comes off as cheap advertisements of strange products such as pornography, ‘get-rich-quick’ schemes and the like. Spam can also be used to deliver harmful worms or other malware. . 1. 8Phishing Phishing is an attempt to steal personal identity data by tricking users into entering information on a counterfeit Web site. 1. 2Types of Perpetrators 1. 2. 1Hackers and Crackers Hackers are people who test the limits of the system, find the â€Å"holes†, and check which data they could access. The knowledge that they get is actually obtainable in various media, usually the internet. They are not usually considered bad; but due to many of them who used such knowledge to cause harm to syst ems, the term became negative.A more appropriate term for these kinds of people is actually called crackers. 1. 2. 2 Malicious Insiders Malicious insiders are people who obtain goods, services, or property through deception or trickery, also known as fraud. In other words they lie to gain. 1. 2. 3 Industrial Spies Industrial spies are people who illegally obtain information from competitors for the benefit of their sponsor. The act is called industrial espionage and the opposite which is to obtain information legally is called competitive intelligence.In 1993, Opel accused the rival Volkswagen of industrial espionage after the former’s chief of production and seven executives moved to the latter company due to missing documents. (Julian, 2011) 1. 2. 4 Cybercriminals These perpetrators hack to the company’s system and will do anything with the information just to gain money. One of the most famous hackers of the world is Albert Gonzalez, who used hacking to steal and re sell millions of card and ATM numbers in a span of three years. He did this by attacking many systems which would eventually give him the information needed to steal the card numbers. Verini, 2010) Albert Gonzalez is in ethical dilemma because he used his skills to steal the information for money. Based on the deontological theory, it’s unethical because it is not the duty of hackers to steal information. Based on hedonism under the utilitarian theory, it is ethical because he found pleasure from the act. Social contract theory, however, makes this act unethical, and so does virtue theory. 1. 2. 5 Hacktivists and Cyberterrorists Hacktivists, combining the words â€Å"hacking† and â€Å"activist†, are people who hack to promote political ideology.Cyberterrorists attack to get the attention of the government as part of their political objectives. Anonymous is one of the most famous hacktivist groups due to their appearance on various media in which members appear wearing the Guy Fawkes mask. Their advocacy is to oppose the Internet censorship and surveillance, government corruption and homophobia. This is why they attacked several government sites. (Katich, 2013) The ethical dilemma the group faces is that they use hacking skills to infiltrate the systems yet they belong to the side of the people as their objective is to make the government hear their voice.This is ethical based on deontology because it is their duty to make the government listen to them their voice. This is also ethical based on the altruistic approach as more will benefit from their act. However, social contract theory states that it is unethical since this act has violated the law. 1. 3Laws for Prosecuting Computer Attacks 1. 3. 1Electronic Commerce Act of 2000 (RA 8792) 1. 3. 1. 1E-Commerce in Society The process of buying and selling goods electronically by consumers and from company to company through computerized business transactions.This act has the purpose of prote cting those who pursue business in electronic means through multiple communication networks through the Internet. 1. 3. 1. 2 Elements in the Law Electronic data messages – these are generally the information that is in every transaction of the business. Electronic document – these are the type of information specified with text, symbols, or other modes of written expression yet similar in nature with the electronic data messages. Electronic Signature – these are any distinctive marks that approve a transaction which are done by a person or an entity using electronic means. . 3. 1. 3Relation to other Laws Such laws that are affected with this are the Intellectual Property Rights, Copyrights Protection. These laws give protection to the parties involved in any business activities through electronic means. Fraud is also related as the government can charge you when you make accept payment illegally by disguising your site as a reliable option for payment. 1. 3. 1. 4 CASE in E-Commerce Censorship is very an essential tool to distinguish the moralities of websites and the cooperation of companies to acknowledge said moralities.In China, Google's operations created a storm of criticism when the company agreed to comply with the government's wishes and censor pro-democracy and other websites. In 2010, Google relocated its Chinese operations to Hong Kong, putting it outside China's censorship regime. Supporters of the decision say Google shouldn't cooperate with China's repressive policies, while critics say Google's withdrawal cut off millions of Chinese citizens from the company's services and weakens its presence in one of the world's largest markets. This case has very evident ethical issues including the move of Google to relocate its operations to Hong Kong.This made the jurisdiction of China’s censorship policy not reachable so that they can use their assets more freely. These however made the citizens of China that is inside the jur isdiction of the censorship policy long for their beneficial search engine. If seen in Google’s benefits this is a rather good trade for them to maximize the use of their services in a commercial area such as Hong Kong yet they could’ve served the citizens so they can keep up their reputation of improving life in the world and be consistent of the famous line â€Å"Don’t be evil†.I generally disagree with their decision to relocate as they could’ve followed the updated utilitarianism and give their services to those who would need them the most. Still they acted the ethical egoism to censor pro – democracy sites which are morally good to their perspective. 1. 3. 1. 5Another Example Including Google Google gathers incredible amounts of data on people who use its search engine. As of 2011, the company's website states that although it stores records of your searches as a tool to improve corporate efficiency, it renders them anonymous after nin e months and deletes cookies used to track visitors after two years.Governments could use Google's information to investigate individuals visiting particular websites, however, and Google Earth's photo collection also has raised privacy questions: In 2008, a couple sued on the grounds the online photos of their home violated their privacy, but a judge threw out the lawsuit the next year. This case is provides insight to how Google can be of every use to our society as they can help the government catch fugitives, suspects and criminals with their records of the searches of the every person using their search engines yet this leaves them to violate certain privacy issues when they abuse that kind of power.The lawsuit of the couple may be dismissed by a judge but their lawsuit are supported by ethical theories namely the rights – based theories which states that there are social contracts that should be acknowledged and that includes their right for privacy. They may be legal t o store records such as the photo from their Google Earth but they should have to limit their power to exercise their duty as they are also supported by the duty – based theories due to their daily or continual task of improving corporate efficiency as well as giving us access to unlimited knowledge. 1. 3. 2 Cybercrime Prevention Act of 2012 (RA 10175) 1. . 3. 1 Preliminary Provisions 1. 3. 3. 2. 1. 1 Brief History of RA 10175 Cybercrime Prevention Act of 2012 or also known as Republic Act No. 10175 was approved on September 12, 2012. This is first law in the Philippines which specifically criminalizes computer-related crimes. The Cybercrime Prevention Act in its current form is the product of House Bill No. 5808, authored by Representative Susan Tap-Sulit of the second district of Tarlac and 36 other co-authors. The final version of the Act was later signed into law by President Benigno Aquino III on September 12, 2012. 1. 3. 2. 1. 1 Declaration of PolicyThe main objective o f this Act is to protect the people from cybercrimes and also from the harmful effects associated with it. The state also aims to recognize the vital roles of information and communications industries in the country. The state also recognizes the need to protect and safeguard the citizens of the state, and also to protect the integrity of computers and its users. The state also wants to recognize the importance of providing an environment conducive to the development acceleration, and rational application and exploitation of information and communications technology. . 3. 3. 2. 1 General Provisions 1. 3. 3. 2. 2. 2. 1 Punishable Acts In this Act, there are 10 punishable acts indicated in the bill, and those punishable acts each have penalties that are associated. In the next sentences, the punishable acts will be discussed briefly. Offenses against the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of computer data and systems: A. Illegal Access – accessing a computer or a part of a computer without any right B.Illegal Interception – the interception made by the use of any technical device without any right of non-public transmission of datum to or from any computer system including electromagnetic emissions from a computer system carrying such data C. Data Interference – the intentional or any reckless alteration, damaging, deletion or deterioration of computer data, electronic document, or electronic data message, without any right including the transmission or transferring viruses into a system. One example is the ILOVEYOU message transmitted through electronic mail way back in the year 2000.D. System Interference – the intentional or any reckless hindering or interference with a functioning computer system, or a computer network by inputting, transmitting, damaging, deleting, deteriorating, altering, or supressing computer data or computer program without any right or authority in doing so. E. Misuse of Devices – the use of any material without any right of it. Acts like producing, manufacturing, selling, and distribution. F. Cyber-squatting – the simplest way is identity theft, using another individual’s identity to gain profit or scam other people in the internet.G. Computer-related Forgery – the illegal use of a computer into copying one’s work, and gaining illegal access to a computer to copy the content of a system or database. H. Computer-related Fraud – the unauthorized input, alteration, or deletion of computer data or program or interference in the functioning of a computer system. I. Computer-related Identity Theft – the intentional acquisition, use, transfer, or possession of any identifying information belonging to another person, whether natural of juridical. Under these are Cybersex and Child Pornography. J.Libel –    defined as a public and malicious imputation of a crime, or of a vice or defect, real or imaginary, or any acts, omission , condition, status or circumstance tending to discredit or cause the dishonour or contempt of a natural or juridical person committed through a computer system or any other similar means which may be devised in the future. The above stated are the punishable acts by the law enforced and written in the bill, and these acts have corresponding penalties if have been proven to the court. The penalties include: imprisonment or a fine of at least two hundred thousand pesos (Php. 00,000. 00) up to a maximum amount commensurate to the damage incurred or both. Prison mayor is equivalent to imprisonment from 6 years and one day to twelve years. 1. 3. 3 Ethical/ Moral Dilemmas 1. 3. 4. 2 Situation A 16-year old male named â€Å"Josh Evans† was registered on the account used for bullying messages to a girl named Megan Mier. Lori Drew, the mother of Sarah, a former friend Mier, later admitted creating the MySpace account. She was aided by Sarah and Ashley Grills, an 18-year-old employee of the elder Drew.The senior Drew and several others ran the fake account, with an aim to get information about Megan and use that information against her and also for her to be humiliated. This caused spreading gossips about Megan, and thus creating a traumatic experience not only for her but also to her family. 1. 3. 4. 3 Analysing using the Four Major Ethical Theories A. Duty-based Theory According to the Duty-based theory, an act is considered ethical if it has good intentions. Given the situation, I can clearly state that it is not an ethical thing to do. Creating or spreading false rumours is not even close to be called as a good intention.Also, gathering information about a certain person is not ethical if it will be used against or be held against to a person. Using the Duty-Based Theory, I can clearly state that the situation of gathering information of Megan is not ethical because it does not serve a good intention. B. Utilitarianism According to the Utilitarianism Theory an act is only to be considered ethical if it produces desirable consequences or outcomes. The outcome of the situation stated earlier is that the experience Megan was traumatic not only for herself, but it also affected her family.Just by looking at this outcome, we can say that it is not also considered ethical in this theory, because of the outcomes that the actions of the group had caused not only their target but also the relationship of other people to Megan. C. Social Contract Theory According to the social contract theory an act is considered ethical if the act does not violate any rules or laws; according to the Civil Code of the Philippines: Persons and Family Relations, under Chapter 2 which is Human Relations the Articles 19, 20 and 21 discusses the different rights a person possesses and how a person should exercise his or her rights.Chapter 2 Article 19 presents the basic principles that are to be observed for the rightful relationship between human beings and the stab ility of the social order. Chapter 2 Article 20 presents that you are liable for any damage that you have caused to another person, whether wilfully or negligently. Chapter 2 Article 26 presents that right must never abused, the moment that it is abused, the moment rights are abused they ceased to right. D. Virtue According to the Virtue theory, the action that is considered to be ethical is when the action is came from a good moral principle.Looking to the situation, it is not an ethical thing to do because it does only harm the person involved but also the moral principles of the suspect is to be questioned. 1. 3 Trustworthy Computing 1. 4. 1 Microsoft’s 4 Pillars of trustworthy Computing The 4 Pillars of trustworthy computing help identify the key elements in computing especially in an organization with numerous employees to manage. Guidance is a key to help implement a good and stable system such as how the pillars guide not just Microsoft employees but users alike. 1. 4. . 1 Security Creation of a trust worthy environment for a safe computing environment 1. 4. 2. 2 Privacy The protection and confidentiality of design, development and testing in any organization is essential as to be part of the competitive market today. 1. 4. 2. 3 Reliability Working as expected or promised by the developers and their entity 1. 4. 2. 4 Business Integrity Being responsible and transparent in you duties and expectation as part of a work force that strives to be excellent a mistake is bound to happen.Admitting a mistake is the 1st step to a growing process of learning new things to come. 1. 4. 2 Risk Assessment It is the process of assessing security related risks to an organization’s computers and networks from both internal and external (Reynolds, 2011) A risk assessment is a process to identify potential hazards and analyse what could happen if a hazard occurs. (Federal Emergency Management Agency, 2013) The assessment would assure the IT security team that they will be ready when an attack comes because of the determined risk assessment they perform. 1. 4. 1 General Security Risk Assessment ProcessStep 1: Identify IT assets and prioritize ones that are of most importance Step 2: Identify the threats/risks that could occur Step 3: Assess the likelihood of threats Step 4: Determine the impact of each threat, how large to small is the impact if affected Step 5: Determine how each threat can be prevented/blocked Step 6: Which is the most effective prevention method Step 7: Perform cost benefit analysis before taking any action Step 8: Make the decision to implement or not to implement the decided risk prevention found through thorough research and development 1. 4. 3 Establishing a security policyDefines an organization’s security requirements, as well as controls and sanctions needed to meet those requirements. (Reynolds, 2011) A good security policy can possibly improve and provide a smooth flow of operations within an organizati on. NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technology) is a non-regulatory federal agency within the US department of commerce. The computer security division creates security standards for organizations to implement in their own system. 1. 4. 4 Educating the Employees, Contractor and Part-Time Workers Surveys show that most security problems come from negligence and unawareness of the security policies.Teaching good security practices like not giving out your passwords, making sure you do not meddle in different departments. Knowing the Dos and DONTs of everyday computing will help guide any workplace and direct them to the good ways of being a good user. 1. 4. 5 Threat Prevention The key to a threat prevention system are layers of security systems that challenge the perpetrator to hack into the system. Firewall – stands guard between an organization’s internal network and the internet Intrusion Prevention Systems – prevents an attack by blocking viruses, ma lformed packets and other threats from getting into a protected network.Antivirus software – should be installed on each user’s personal computer to scan a computer’s disk drives and memory regularly for viruses. User accounts that remain active after employees leave cause an uncertain threat to the company, IT staff must promptly delete and make sure to wipe out all the privileges of the former employee. The US-CERT (United States Computer Emergency Network Team) and SANS(SysAdmin, Audit, Network,System) Institute – regularly update a summary of the most frequent and high impact threats to a computer system specifically viruses and worms. . 4. 6 Security Audit An important prevention tool that evaluates whether an organization has a good security policy and if it is being followed. An example would be a requirement to change passwords every week or month with this in place a security for companies are much more protected compared to others without this r equirement. Basically to test, check and review the system’s security and look for loop holes and easy targets. 1. 4. 7 Detection The preventive measures made for a computer system is not always enough to protect important data.Intrusion detection system – is a software/hardware that monitors system and network resources, notifies a system admin when an intrusion occurs Knowledge based intrusion system – contains information about attacks and system vulnerabilities, then trigger an alarm (ex. Repeated login, repeated data events) Behaviour based intrusion system – compares users system behaviour with an admin created model that detects when a user is not following the required model, this would trigger an alarm. (Example: Unusual activity with an account in the HR department accessing the IT department’s data. 1. 4. 8 ResponseAn organization should be prepared for the worst, like a system attack that stops all operations and steals data from the co mpany. The top priority during an attack is not to catch the perpetrator but to regain control and save what is left. Who needs to be informed? And who not to notify? Reputation and credibility is at stake in any security breach. A company should document all details of a security breach and be able to review it after to assess and further study. Eradication of the damaged/breached information is essential but before everything a log is required to keep track 1. . 9 Ethical Moral Dilemmas You are a member of a large IT security support group of a large manufacturing company. You have been awakened late at night and informed that someone has defaced your organization’s website and also attempted to gain access to computer files containing a new product under development. What are your next steps? How much time would you spend tracking down the hacker? -Deontological 1. 5 References * (1999, 10). Electronic Commerce. StudyMode. com. Retrieved 10, 1999, from http://www. studymod e. com/essays/Electronic-Commerce-731. tml * THE ELECTRONIC COMMERCE ACT (R. A. 8792) AN OVERVIEW OF IT? S (INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY) IMPACT ON THE PHILIPPINE LEGAL SYSTEM(2005 006). ‘www. ustlawreview. com/pdf/vol. L/Articles/The_Electronic_Commerce_Act_RA_8792. pdf * What Is the Difference: Viruses, Worms, Trojans, and Bots? – Cisco Systems. (n. d. ). Cisco Systems, Inc. Retrieved from http://www. cisco. com/web/about/security/intelligence/virus-worm-diffs. html * What Is A Rootkit? (n. d. ). Internet / Network Security – Tips, Advice and Tutorials About Internet Security and Network Security.Retrieved from http://netsecurity. about. com/od/frequentlyaskedquestions/f/faq_rootkit. htm * Julian. (2011). 10 Most Notorious Acts of Corporate Espionage. Retrieved from http://www. businesspundit. com/10-most-notorious-acts-of-corporate-espionage/ * Katich, A. (2013). Anonymous (Annie Katich). Retrieved from http://socialactive. wordpress. com/2013/02/25/anonymous-annie- katich/ * Verini, J. (2010). The Great Cyberheist. Retrieved from http://www. nytimes. com/2010/11/14/magazine/14Hacker-t. html/

Saturday, September 28, 2019

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Prefabrication As Construction Method Construction Essay

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Prefabrication As Construction Method Construction Essay The aim of this research is to establish whether an increased use of off-site manufacture will produce a more energy efficient housing stock, as the UK gets closer to its carbon reduction deadline. The objectives of this study are; To identify the key advantages and disadvantages of prefabrication as a construction method, and to establish how these are achievable compared to traditional methods. To identify the current requirements for energy efficiency in new build houses. To identify the requirements of the Climate Change Act 2008 and how this will affect the construction industry. To establish the current use and opinion of prefabrication/off-site manufacture in the construction industry The UK is legally bound to cut its green house gas emissions under the Climate Change Act 2008. These cuts are a 34% reduction by 2022 and an overall 80% reduction by 2050, compared to the baseline emission value from 1990. This is not a scientific quantitative study of the actually energy effic iencies of the construction method, but more of an in-depth qualitative study of the features of prefabrication. This will be done by reviewing existing literature on the topic and comparing this to actual opinions and use in the construction industry. These opinions and the level of implementation of prefabrication within the construction industry will be established using questionnaires. From this analysis it is hoped that there are environmental benefits to using off-site manufacture/prefabrication. This should then be shown in the construction industry by it’s increasingly use. With the UK’s housing stock producing approximately 30% of the UK’s total carbon emissions, it is a sector where huge environmental gains can be made (House of Commons 2005). Although the Climate Change Act 2008 is not specifically aimed at the construction industry, the Chief Executive of the Committee on Climate Change, David Kennedy has called for action in â€Å"four key areasâ⠂¬ ; the method by which electricity is produced, increasing the use of electric transport, reducing the carbon footprint of farms in the UK and an increase in the construction of energy efficient homes (Adam 2010). Many reports, especially from prefabrication manufacturers themselves state the benefits of off-site construction over traditional methods. These include an increased speed of construction, better health and safety conditions on-site, better quality of final product and a lesser total cost when economies of scale apply. However when observing construction sites; off-site construction seems to not be included and traditional methods of construction seem to dominate. This study aims to find out the actual use of prefabricated, off-site components within the industry, and the reasons professionals have for either using, or not using this construction method. The hypothesis for this study states that the current use of off-site manufactured components will have a positive c orrelation to the perceived benefits from using them. For example if the perceived benefits of the using off-site manufactured components are great, then it is predicted that their use will be common within construction. Conversely if the features of prefabrication are not greatly beneficial compared to traditional methods, it is predicted that the use of off-site manufacture in the construction industry will be low. These assumptions have been made due to common reasoning, being that; if something is more beneficial than another, it will be chosen more often.

Friday, September 27, 2019

FEDERAL PROGRAM RESEARCH PAPER Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

FEDERAL PROGRAM RESEARCH PAPER - Essay Example (U.S. Department of Education, 2007a) This amount is considered much lesser as compared to the fiscal year 2007 and 2006 with 568,835,000 US dollars each year. The budget where the funds for the Safe and Drug-Free Schools and Communities program is part of the No Child Left Behind (NCLB) total budget. The total requested fund for the entire NCLB fund totals the amount of US$ 24,474,059,000 for next year. (U.S. Department of Education, 2007a) The sources of funds that is used to support the total expenditures of the elementary and secondary education in the United States comes mostly from the U.S. federal, state and the local government. (U.S. Department of Education, 2007b) Each year, the president request for a budget for the Safe and Drug-Free The 324,248,000 US dollars program fund for the Safe and Drug-Free Schools and Communities (U.S. Department of Education, 2007a) will be allocated and distributed to different minor programs such as the Health, Mental Health, Environmental Health and Physical Education Programs (HMHEHPE); the State Program for Drug-Violence Prevention (DVP); the National Programs for Drug-Violence Prevention (DVP); the Character and Civic Education (CCE); the Policy and Cross-Cutting Programs; and the Safe and Drug-Free Schools and Communities Advisory Committee. (OSDFS, 2007b) The HMHEHPE group handles the provision of financial assistance for activities coming from the Carol M. White Physical Education Program, the Elementary and Secondary School Counceling Discretionary Grants, and the Grants for the Integration of Schools and Mental Health System that promotes the health and well being of elementary and secondary school students and those who belongs to a higher education institutions. The funds that will be used for these programs will be coming from the budget for Discretionary Grants. The allocated fund for the Physical Education Program and the

Thursday, September 26, 2019

Korean American Media Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Korean American Media - Essay Example That was the reaction that went viral when word spread about the making of K-Town in Los Angeles’ Korea town. Even the Korean American greybeards were afraid that this show would make them look bad.K Town’s executive producer, Mike Le, was amazed at how fast the rumor went before they produced anything. This excitement and media coverage illustrate the thrill felt by the world feels, as if they were not expecting such a show to be released. This gave the production crew the much-needed morale to provide quality production, as they enjoyed media coverage before the show’s release. Magazines like the New York Times, Los Angeles Times, and New York Post. Even SNL and Chelsea Lately covered the story of KTown’s release (Yang, 2012). Soon, Hollywood also got wind of this upcoming reality show, and two prestigious networks were battling over airing of the show. However, things did not work out from there on. This was until LOUD’s newly launched YouTube ch annel aired no holds barred online edition of KTown. The show was described as buzz worthy and high impact. From the cast and character development in K Town, it is evident that its production is aimed at challenging some of the existing stereotypes of Korean Americans. ... This leads to a series of vengeance, betrayal, and romance. This depiction contradicts the model minority stereotype. This is according to an article by Yang Jeff, ‘Tough Times for Tiger Mom as Asian America Meets Jersey Shore’ that was posted in Speakeasy on July 17, 2012.K Town portrays Korean Americans as partygoers, with theimmense preference to the nightlife of Korea town. In this show, both men and women party together and the men are portrayed asflirtatious and fighters.This is contrary to the known stereotype that Korean Americans are conservatives and with good morals. They do not publically display affection like kissing, and they are faithful, sticking to one partner. Furthermore, Korean American women have always been assumedconservative as opposed to outgoing. Their women do not indulge in public drinking, let alone with men. However, K Town’s Scarlet and Jowe both go out, and get seriously drunk after which Jowe starts flirting with other girls. Anot her stereotype is that Koreans mind about their perception and image they portray to the world. Because of this, the show was met by some criticism since the Korean community was afraid of negative depiction of their culture to the world (Wang, 2012). And indeed, the show portrayed the side of Korea’ nightlife that they are not comfortable with exposing to the world. As such, K Town was described as an Asian version of America’s Jersey show. It should be noted that these criticisms do not imply that such occurrences do not happen in Korea. Far from it, they do happen but most Korean K Town critics object because of public exposure. This is according to another article titled ‘The Altered Reality of K

Social responsibilities of multinational corporations Essay

Social responsibilities of multinational corporations - Essay Example Over the years, MNCs have been criticized for various reasons despite their many advantages. It is believed that they pay less regard to human rights and the environment. Criticisms also include the fact that MNCs have resulted in huge conglomerates in different countries, which overall reduces competition and violates the concept of free market economy. They are believed to raise money in the host countries of the MNC and then ship the profits back to that country, but at the same time using the other country’s labor, resources, cultures etc. In short, MNCs are believed to exploit human beings from all over the world apart from the host country. However MNCs also have certain advantages both for the host and the home country. The standard of living of the countries will increase regardless because investment and employment increase and people have greater purchasing power parity. The host country usually gets free flow of information and technology through this institution as well as expertise which may not be available in their own country. Domestic business also gets greater competition and business due to functioning of MNCs. Those who support MNCs believe it doesn’t reduce competitiveness but actually increases it, due to the breaking of local monopolies. Host country can also reduce their imports and export the goods produced by MNCs to improve their balance of payment accounts. Lastly, home countries can also benefit from the cultural diversity in the formation of MNCs worldwide. Under the topic of MNCs, there has been a great deal of debate among professionals about the social responsibilities of an MNC in operating globally. Some believe that MNCs have limited responsibility, usually depending on the laws of the host country. Others believe that they have the duty to fulfill the negative rights of human beings, and some believe that MNCs have a duty to fulfill both positive and negative rights of individuals. MNCs have always assumed to b e self-interested organizations, with the only aim to make profit and pay no regard to the people of developing economies or the environment. They seem to take on social responsibility, only if need be, and because recent studies show that ethical practices and social justice leads to profits in the long run. They seem to follow the principle-agent assumptions and MNCs are the agent because they seem to have no moral obligations to carry out honest behavior for socially responsible outcomes. Also, they seem to exploit host nations and their people because it is easier to do so; in developed countries there are several laws and institutions are tighter thus protecting people and firms from harm, however developing economies don’t have such laws so companies operating in them need to be even more socially responsible for the outcomes. Certain conditions prevail in a developing economy that makes MNCs more accountable with regards to social responsibility: Cultural practices in developing countries may allow for practices which violate human rights basic or advanced, and in accordance with gender, or politics etc. Most of these cultural practices have been eliminated in advanced countries but seem to be a problem in developing countries. The legal framework in developing economies may not insulate the country and its people from harm which is why MNCs have to be responsible. Corruption reigns supreme, therefore even in places where a

Wednesday, September 25, 2019

Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 19

Marketing - Essay Example The conclusion the authors draws through this article is that, all the contemporary organizations need to set their organizational culture and thereby define their corporate identity. This process will result in creating an optimal bridge between the internal working environment of the organization and the external environment like the marketplace and other relevant environments. So, by analyzing the authors’ perspectives about organizational culture, this synopsis will discuss the importance of common and workable organizational culture, for the effective functioning of organizations. Organization is a ‘structure’, in which ‘collage’ of workers will do their allocated work under the supervision of a leader. This team of workers like the five different fingers in one’s hand will be different from one another having different characters, attitudes, education, background etc, etc†¦and the unison of these different humans under a single organization to reach a target is, and will always be a difficult proposition. As these different humans could create a different organizational culture, the success rate will be minimal. But, according to the authors, if a perfect, feasible and importantly common organizational or working culture is ‘operationalised’, through out the organization, the organization will be a success story. And, the ‘script’ for this success story can only be scripted, by an effective leader or a manager. The statements and actions of the managers simultaneously affect the image and identi ty of the organization (Hatch & Schultz, 1997). One of the important first tasks of a leader in an organization (both in a new organization and in an existing organization) is the creation of a Culture. The authors Hatch and Schultz, points out that the creation of an organizational culture is a complex process in which the organisations’ personalities, identities and images should play a major role

Tuesday, September 24, 2019

Internet and Technology Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Internet and Technology - Research Paper Example As such, this paper shall briefly discuss the functional and social benefits of the Internet, and then move on to elucidating its social disadvantages. In the end, this paper aims to reinforce its thesis that while the Internet has its positive social benefits, it should not be replaced with real, face-to-face social interactions. Benefits of the Internet The primary advantages of the Internet are rooted in its nature as a digital communication medium. In this regard, it can be claimed that the common benefits of the Internet may be grouped either as functional or social. There are three common functional benefits of the Internet. Firstly, the Internet allows for an easier and more comfortable access to a vast number of information second (Brey 4). As an example, through the presence of various search engines like Google and Yahoo! Search, people from all over the globe can access pertinent information about any topic in less than a second. This helps in enhancing people’s cog nitive skills. Secondly, The Internet makes it possible for people to efficiently and effectively transfer information (Brey 4). For example, with the increasing popularity of blog sites and social networking sites, almost anyone can create or disseminate online contents to their contacts or subscribers. Such maintains high level of awareness and interest on the most pressing societal issues. Lastly, the Internet facilities various communication formats among individuals from all parts of the globe. Examples of these formats include one-to-one, one-to-many, and many-to-many communication. Through this, freedom of expression is protected and practiced by giving every user a chance to impart his or her insights on the common societal happenings. On the other hand, there are four common social benefits of the Internet. Firstly, it helps develop and maintain good social relations. This usually happens when the Internet is used as a tool of communication for those who wish to maintain th eir closeness with their loved ones. For example, Skype is bridges communication gap by ensuring real-time communication. Secondly, the Internet contributes in the community formation and social organization by uniting people with same interests and likes. For example, there are various websites that cater to ‘passion groups’ like dancers, painters, and what not. As such, it often provides a fresh new approach for individuals to build and enhance social movements. Thirdly, the Internet also assists in one’s identity formation and psychological development by helping them ‘be what they really are’. In this sense, Internet’s capacity to allow for anonymity gives more freedom to the users. Lastly, the Internet paves the way for a better understanding not only of one’s culture, but of the culture of others, too. In this regard, through the vast information that are present in the Internet, anyone can search about history and art, allowing o ne to appreciate various cultural symbols and norms. Disadvantages of the Internet The Internet also has its share of negative effects to people and societies at large. Obviously, depending on the intention of its users, the Internet may be used to destroy one’s reputation and dignity. The primary disadvantage happens when online interaction is being replaced with tangible, face-to-face relationships. For example, when a person decides to engage more in online communication rather than real communication, he will slowly develop

Monday, September 23, 2019

Case study , subject HUMAN RESOURCE STRATEGIES FOR THE INTERNATIONAL Essay

Case study , subject HUMAN RESOURCE STRATEGIES FOR THE INTERNATIONAL MANAGER - Essay Example This work has looked into the problems in detail using a combination of academic as well as practical perspectives so that fitting solutions can be derived. The results from this study indicate that Manners Europe will have to restructure current human resource management practises without compromising the overall framework brought in from the parent company. Measures include changes in the work schedule styles, compensation patterns as well as hiring and screening procedures. Manners Europe is experiencing visible problems with its human resource management framework being implemented in the European domain. The bulk of these problems originate from Netherlands that has comparably different norms from the American principals. The markedly different cultural attributes resound from the fact that employees expect different behaviour from management while management expects different behaviour from employees. As a result of this friction, neither employees nor management are able to solve this dilemma. It must also be borne in mind that Manners Europe derives itself and its structure from its American origins. Competitiveness and efficiency are the rule of the day for Manner Europe’s higher management who have been bred accordingly in the American organisational cultural perspective. However, for the Dutch working for the organisation, this mode of operation is opposed to cultural values that they have acquired through their socialisation process. The situation demands that the existing Americanised human resources framework of the organisation be adapted to the peculiarities of the Norwegian situation. However, while such an adaptation is being initiated it must be kept in mind that the entire framework should not be remodelled. Such a remodelling attempt would lead to multiple problems such as increased costs for remodelling as well as deviation from the principal

Sunday, September 22, 2019

Consequences of Exploration for Europeans and the Indigenous Peoples Essay Example for Free

Consequences of Exploration for Europeans and the Indigenous Peoples Essay In 1492, Christopher Columbus landed in the Caribbean bearing the name of the Spanish Crown in hopes that he had landed in the Indies of Asia using a direct sea route. Though that is not where he landed, his New World was a place of great wealth, new materials and crops, new source of labor, and new land for the European nations. The consequences for the native people of the Americas were much worse with devastating death tolls, enslavement, new diseases and racist attitudes towards them. Though it would not be fair to say that the Europeans did not share in negative consequences or that the indigenous people did not gain any advantages. The greatest negative consequences for the Europeans due to the European expansion are a devastating economic revolution, and the introduction of the venereal disease Syphilis. Once the Spanish began to mine the precious ores of America the wealth of Spain underwent a major transformation. Demanding one-fifth of all profit, the Crown became immensely rich and this showed in their influence on the rest of Europe, seeing that other countries now lacked the material wealth of Spain. Throughout this time of great wealth the population rose steadily in Spain. With population increase, came an increased demand for food and merchandise. Spain had expelled a large amount of their skilled farmers, workers, merchants and businessmen during the Inquisition when they cleansed their country of the Jewish and Muslim people. Along with the demand in Spain, the demand for Spanish and European products in the Americas also became hard to keep up with. With the ever-increasing influx of silver bullion the prices in Spain began to rise and the inflation quadrupled the prices of everything within thirty years. In 1556, Martin de Azpilcueta Navarro, a Spanish canon lawyer, writes about the influx of American silver as the cause of the inflation. We see by experience that in France, where money is scarcer than in Spain, bread, wine, cloth, and labour are worth much less. And even in Spain, in times when money was scarcer, saleable goods and labour were given for very much less than after the discovery of the Indies, which flooded the country with gold and silver. The reason for this is that money is worth more where and when it is scarce than where and when it is abundant. Along with this, the Spanish king Philip II spent more money on outside enterprises to worsen his countries debt. When needing to pay his debt to other countries, he also paid in silver bullion spreading the inflation to the rest of Europe. The discovery of the Americas led Europe to inflation and increased prices and Spain to almost complete debt by the seventeenth century. Besides silver and gold, the native people of the Americas passed Syphilis on to the Spanish who came to settle there. In five year time, Syphilis had spread to Russia from the European Atlantic coast. Though it could not be proven, Syphilis is thought to have originated in Espaniola because no evidence of Syphilis exists in Europe before 1493. These open sores, boils, and aches in the joints caused excruciating pains to many Europeans due to this quickly widespread venereal disease. The only proven effective way to treat Syphilis was from drinking the boiled bark of the guaiacum tree which only grew in Espaniola. Though no exact numbers were calculated for Syphilis it could not be compared to the death tolls that the European diseases left on the Indian populations. In a period of 130 years, something like 95 percent of all Native Americans died of disease. That number is far greater than experts (until recently) had ever suspected. The Native Americans who survived the plagues were, of course, completely demoralized and depressed by this tremendous loss of their loved ones, of their lifestyle, and of their ancient culture. (Bib 2. ) The 95 percent population loss of the Natives was staggering compared to probably one percent death caused by Syphilis. Thus though Syphilis was a negative consequence of European expansion it proved minor compare to the Indigenous peoples loss due to European disease. Besides new crops and animals the indigenous people were introduced to new religions, medicines and ways of life that helped better themselves. Christianity was introduced to the indigenous people thanks to very ardent Catholicism from the Spanish and Portuguese. These Christians taught of love, equality and a heaven after death for those who acted well on earth. For many indigenous people this religion called to them and they were converted. Those who did not convert voluntarily were either forced to convert or killed. The native people actually became very passionate about this religion and even followed religious doctrines more closely than the Spanish conquistadors. The natives began to spread peace and love as a bigger doctrine than territory fighting which shows how religion was a positive outcome from European expansion. New technology and medicine helped more effectively cure the local people and brought new light to the topic. In Pre-Colombian times the Indian populations would come to the ailing and stay by their side through illness thus probably catching the illness themselves, the Europeans taught to isolate the sick and better medicines to treat them. The lives that new medicines saved in the Americas is immeasurable but probably still do not compare to the lives lost from European diseases. New technologies such as guns, steel and sailing equipment helped build stronger weapons than the ones previously possessed by Indians, and a new material from which objects could be made. Very strong steel could be used to make protection from swords and swords themselves thus fortifying indigenous peoples ability to make weapons, protect themselves, and hunt. Many thousands of things brought from Europe helped make indigenous life better such as candles to light the night and paper so writing and language could be better developed. Though much understated there were many positive outcomes from European expansion to the indigenous people of the Americas and even a few negative outcomes for the Europeans themselves. More often than not, when talking about the European expansion into America, the Europeans seem to get much better rewards from their expansion. And they actually did. They reaped much higher rewards from their conquest of the Americas than the indigenous people, yet it cannot be forgotten that both peoples had multiple sides to their gains and losses due to European expansion. Bibliography Quotes: {draw:frame} 1. Why were Native Americans so vulnerable to European diseases? (article). Articles on how to feel good more often and get more done. Web. 10 Oct. 2009. http://www. youmeworks. com/why_native_americans. html. Galloway, J. H. The Sugar Cane Industry An Historical Geography from its Origins to 1914 (Cambridge Studies in Historical Geography). New York: Cambridge UP, 2005. Print. American Indian past and present. Norman: University of Oklahoma, 2008. Print. Other Info: Spanish colonization of the Americas -. Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Web. 11 Oct. 2009. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas. Native Americans in the United States European colonization. Spiritus-Temporis. com Historical Events, Latest News, News Archives. Web. 11 Oct. 2009. http://www. spiritus-temporis. com/native-americans-in-the-united-states/european-colonization. html.

Friday, September 20, 2019

The Artistry Of Indian Painting Cultural Studies Essay

The Artistry Of Indian Painting Cultural Studies Essay Indian painting is one of the oldest arts in the world from about the 3rd millennium BC to present period. The society the Indian painting reproduce particular religious, political and cultural developments. Indian art has its unique name in the history of arts. Indian art which has been challenged its stage from down to the top of winning the stage of philosophy under the visual type in the history of indian art. Indian art has challanging in the years in thought providing in the Indian artist in the reason for the innovation of the creations in the way of visual abstracts ideas and the cultured thing in the land. Every religions and the system giving its own nuances in the metphor and the simiarly in the rich organisation in wild imagin in the humaniation in the way of the belives and the character people in the way of one ideal way of the way of life to be delevers the interprted art. The following are the list of style of art in India. Puppetry Warli Madubani Kalam kari Cave paintings Miniature pahari pattachitra mural Puppetry: Puppetry is the form of theatre performance which involve in the handling of the puppets. It is very very old and it assumed to have originate 30,000 years BC. Puppets have been used while in the first times to conscious and to communicate the ideas and for the needs of the human society. Some historians claim that they pre date artist in the theatres. There is a confirmation that they were use in the Egypt as before time as 2000 BC. Warli : The Warli is an Indian deliberate people. These citizen people were be alive in the place of taukas in Thne,Nasik , And in Dhule distrct in the place of Maharashtra, And also in the Valsad Distict in the state of Gujarat. And the union territory of Dadra ,Nagar Haveli and also the Daaman and the Diue. They also have their entity way of life. The society and nation is the part of the mutual Hindu society.The Warlis people always speak an vocal Varli foreign languge. It is belongng to the southrn region of indo Aryans language and mix Sanskrit, Marathi and Gujarati language. Its ahead of 2500 or 3000 BC. Their pitch shelter of Bhimbetka, in Madhya Pradesh. Madubani : Madhubani is one of the way of the Indian painting. Experienced in the Mithila district of the Bihar state in India and janakpur in Nepal. practice states that this way of the painting originate at the moment of the Ramayana. When the King Janak specially made his artist to do paintings at the moment of the wedding of his offspring Sita to the Lord Ram. Kalam kari : Kalamkari is the kind of the hand decorated or block printed cotton fabric, created in the part of the India. The statement kalam kari is resulting from the Persian language kalam (ballpoint and kari (craftmanship), The sense drawing with a ballpoint. The craft complete at Machilipatnam in the Andhra Pradesh Cave painting: Cave paintings are painting on cave stockade in the period is used particularly for those dating to the primitive times. The most basic known indian cave in paintings date to the Aurignacian. Some of the cave painting are 32,000 years ago. The cause of paleolithic cave paintings is not recognized. The proof suggest that they were not simply garland of the living areas. while the cave in the which they have been establish do not have symbols of the unending tenancy. Also they are frequently in the areas of the caves that are not simply access. a few of the theory are grip that they may have been a way of the communicate with others. Even as other theory are assign them a spiritual or official purpose. Miniature : However at some point in in the 11th and in the 12th century. The concept of the illustrate palm sheet manuscript came into living being. manuscript are very little in a range. Therefore the image was complete in the lesser in volume. This want of the model very small paintings was go toward into the system of living. miniature paintings was also set single on the paper, ivory panel, timber tables and leather, granite and the cloth and walls. A little of the sole Miniature paintings are include in the illustrate manuscript .The Jains and the Buddhists blossoming of the Mughal, Rajput and in the Deccan miniatures.The theme used from the Indian epics like the Ramayana, Mahabharata, as well as the ragas of the Indian classical music. The core of the miniature painting fabrication in the Rajasthan. Pahari : Pahari painting truthful sense of the painting is from the rocky of the region, pahar means the mountains in Hindi. It is an umbrella term used for a form of the Indian painting. originate from the Hill kingdom of the North India, during 17th-19th century. particularly Basohli,and the Mankot mainly Nurpu and Garhwal, and was completed regularly in the miniature style of figure Pattachitra : Pattachitra is the conventional picture of the Odisha. An eastern situation of the India. These painting are base on the Hindu myths and mainly more brilliant by the Vaishnava cult. Every colours were use in the Paintings are naturals and paintings are made completely by the old conventional way by the Chtrakaras that is by the Odia Painter. Pattachitra method of the work of art is one of the oldest and the majority popular art forms of the Orissa. The name Pattachitra has been evolve from the Sanskrit language patta. The intelligence canvas and chitra significance picture. Pattachitra is a painting made on canvas, And it is obvious by the rich colourful request. The creative motif and design and depiction of the simple theme frequently factual in description. The civilization of the pattachitra work of art are extra than the thousand existence old. Mural: Kerala mural paintings are the frescos depict in the myths and the tradition. Which are drained on the walls of the temples and churches in the South India. Mainly in the state of Kerala. Early temple, churches and place in the Kerala. South India,s display the wealthy ritual of the mural paintings in mostly date back between in the 9th to 12th centuries Genres of Indian painting : Murals Miniature painting Eastern Indian painting Western Indian painting Malwa, Deccan and Jaunpur schools of painting Mughal painting Rajput painting Mysore painting Tanjore painting Madhubani painting Pattachitra Bengal school Modern Indian Painting Samikshavad. The Famous Indian artists: Raja ravi vareman Abindranaeth tagore Nandhlal bose Jameini Roy Amritha sheragill N.S.Bendrae MF.Hussaein S.H..Raazae Franciss newaton soueuza Ganesh Pyhne The artists which I going to explain is M.F Husain Maqbool Fida Husain was called as an MF Husan was born on September 17th 1915 in the place of Pandharpur Maharashtra in India. Husains mother Zunaib die in his childhood and his father Fida had remarried and he moved to the new place called Indore.In there hussain went to the school. Then he moved to the Mumbai at the age 20. When husain was admit to the JJ.School which it related to the Arts. When he was an premature age husain learn the art about the calligraphy and practiced Kulfickhat with the numerical form. Husain also learn to write poems while husain stay with his uncle in madrasa in the place of Baroda. Husain kept a art with him from first to last his life. Hussain early education was mechanical but he loved to draw was the plain even at this point. Every time when he gets the chance hussain would band his art stuff in his cycle and drive to the nearby countryside near by in Indore to paint. In the backdrop in the year 1937 hussain went to Bombay resolute to become a artiste. Hussain hardly work and he gets money and lived in a inexpensive room in a by path occupied by pimps and prostitutes. At first he makes himself as an painter in the cinema boardings. He paint in the greatest nimbleness suspended on scaffold at times in the center of travels. Hussain marry on 1941. During in hussain before time days in Mumbai hussain earn money from his painting in cinema Boa rding. one of the frequently told stories about hussain,s early period. He was notice for the record on 1947. when hussain win a reward in the yearly show in the mumbai Art Society foundation. consequently hussain was invite by Souza to join in Progressive Artist Groups. The grand pact of testing in the premature years lead to some extraordinary works. In 1955 hussain was the one of the best most important artist in India and he was awarded for the Padma Shri. Hussain was a particular invite next to the Pablo Picasso in Sao Paulo Biennial in the year 1971. Beside with numerous alone exhibition hussain had main retrospectives in Mumbai in 1969. in kolkatta in the year 1973 and in the year Delhi in 1978. Hussain had participate in a lot of global show. Which take in modern indian art. In the royal school of the Arts in London in the year of 1982. Almost six Indian painter Take art show in London in 1985. Current Indian latest Painting in hirschom Museum in the Washington in the year 1986 and modern Indian Art, Grey Art portico in New York 1986. In the year 1967 hussain won an Golden bear in the global Film fair in the city of berlin for documentary all the way through the eyes of a artist and hussain made numerous short films ever since then. He was award the Padma bhushan in the year 1973. The Padma Vibhushan award win in 1989. And he chosen to the Rajya Sabha in the year 1986.which One of the best compelling artist in India . He is famous for his absolute appreciative of the human circumstances and his fast painting. Long before days development of the speech he was overtake by risky foray into installation and presentation art. Hussain experiments with fresh form of art both surprising and original. He has studio in numerous towns in all around the India but his life mostly in Bombay. S. Prasad (UG) vfx First year ID 09ba01032. Western Art Western art paintings are one of the art which belongs to the European continents . Hand printed history of the western arts are starts with the earliest focal point east, olden Egypt and olden Aegean civilization and the time from 3rd million BC. Similar with the culture, Art is common for the culture all over world. Where ever the people leaving their evidence like carving and artifacts and large standing stone peace. However the consistent rule of pattern the development of europen becomes only with the olden Greece and changed by the romens and took with the empire across the Europe and north Africa and centre east countries. The manipulate of the classical time wanted through the next time of 2 thousand years, Looks like different parts of the medieval period to reenaisssance . The early art historian viewed during the baroque olden period to displays in a filtered form of classican to re born in the post-modernism. The another main power of western art have be Christianity. The charge of the church, architech and sculpting gives the most stuffs of the work to the artist for about 1401 years,Currently from 330 ad to about 1670 ad. The history of the temple was most thing in the history of the western art, in this period. Secularism has involve in western art in the classical period of art. But most of the art are in above 200 years been manufacture without the evidence to religion. In this with no particular idea at all. In another hand western art has often influence by the politics in another hand of state of the artist. Western art is placed in the no of stylish period of years. But historic overlaap on different stylish things in the areas. Mainly the period is in classic, byzan, and Medivel renaissan and modern. Every thing in this are sub divided in it. The following are the list of western artist 1 Jess Collins Aug 6th 1923 2004 Jess is one of the visual artist in us. In the year 1953 in the place of San Francisco, Collins also with Duncan and with Jacobus open the Ubu show. 2 Jim dine born June 16th in the year of 1935 Jim dine was born in the place of Cincinnati. Dine initialy earn value in the ability world with his actions. In the year of 1962 jim art work was incorporated in modern Art shows in us. In the year of 1984 Art Center in the place of Minnesoota. Showed his art work as Dine theme. In the year of 2004 in the global show of the Art in Washiington prepared the show Drawings of Dine. 3 John heart field 19 Jun 1891 à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ 26 Apr 1968 He was born in the placeof Helmut in german near berllin. His photomoontages was Adolf Hittler and the Nazzis. He frequently job with photomoontage. Using the in-between to make pictures made weird supremacy speech .In the year of 1935 his attempt noble well done die grease is Alle. It is in English is Hurrray the grease is vanished. It was in print on the 1st page of the AIZ in 1935. 4 Lee Krasner Oct 27 1908 Jun 19 in the year of 1984 lee was born in the place of Brooklyn near the city of New York. In the year 1940 Lee in progress give you an idea about her works with the american theoretical artist. Lee regularly cut separately her personal drawing and painting to make collage.The Museum of recent painting detained a display showing lees works. Krasner is 1 of the single four women artist to have a demonstration show at the Moma. 5 Ray Johnson Ray Edward Johnson 1927- 1995 Ray was born in the place of detroit on Oct 16 in the year of 1927. Ray is measured the beginning Father Mail Art. Ray first collage is mostly theoretical works. Ray scratch separately a lot of of his before time collages and use wreckage in later on workings. Ray is besides identified as New Yorks the majority well-known unknown artist. 6 Johnathan Talbot Born on Nov 14th in the year of 1939 The maker of an original collage method that eliminnate fluid adhesive from the patchwork meeting method .Finest recognized for his collages and the multi dimention collage construction fit as jonathan oil water colours. 7 Pablo Picasso born in the place of Malaga in Spain on 25th of Oct in the year of 1881. Picasso died, At the age of 91 and his graveyad in France. specialize in work of art. sculpt, printcreation, earthenware and patchwork. 8 Henri matisse 1869 to1954 Was born in the place of Cambresis in the country of France. Henri died at the age of 84 in the place of Maritimes .Henri primary in progress work of art in 1889. when matisse suffer from the appendicitis. Henri primary single display was at Vollard portico in the year of 1904. 9 George Braque 1882-1963 George was born in 1882 in the place of Argentueil . George was talent in work of art drawing, print creation and sculpt. George died in the year of 31st in the month of Aug in the year 1963. 10 Peter blake was born in the 25th June 1932. Peter talented in bang art which it is a latest type of work of art. Peter art integrated descriptions from the adds. melody hall activity, and wrestling frequently together with collaged fundamentals. Peter art of bang music set brings his world renowed celebrity. In the balcony (1955-58) is a important before time work and still now stands one of the iconic part of Britan Art. 11 Vikki Alexander born in the year of Jan 30th at 1959 born in the county of Canada Vikki talented in collage sketch, taking pictures and fitting. Vikki was born in the place of Victoria in the country British Columbia. Vikki is recognized for her big scale photo mural installation media works that joined photo with sculpt stuff. Comparison of two artists : I am going to compare Pablo Picasso and Henri Matisse About Pablo Picasso : Pablo was born in the city of Malaga in the country of Spain in the month of 25th Oct 1881. Pablo was died in the age 91 and his grave ward is in France. Pablo was talented in work of art, sculpt, print creation, stoneware and collage. Pablo Picasso was learned and graduate in the work of art at the Madrid. Pablo was top recognized for co beginning cubist progress. Pablo primary method of work of art is practical but altered with his individual unusual theory, technique and thoughts. The entire amount of art works pablo shaped which was likely at 50,000 comprise 1,885 art of work 1,228 sculpture 2,880 stoneware, almost 12,000 art of work, a lot of thousands of print. His art of work Garcon la has been sell for 104 million $. one more art of work by Pablo Dora Maur au Chat has been sold for 95.2 million $. About Henri Matisse : Henri was born in the place of Le Cateau in the country of France. Henri was died age of 84 in the place of alpes. Heri primary in progress his work of art in the year of 1889. Henri was distress from the appendiicitis. Henri 1st single show was in Vollard show in the year of 1904. Henri friends prepared and finance the Acadamic Mates in the place of Paris. A personal and non marketable school .which he instruct little artists. It operate from the year of the 1907 to 1911. Henri recognized a museum fanatical to his job in the year of 1952. in his home town city. The primary work of art of henri acquire by a community album was motionless Life of the Geraniumsin the year of 1910. In the year of 2002 Henri sculpt, recline naked Dawn. sold for the US dollar of 9.2 million . It is a evidence of a sculpt by the performer.Plum Blossoms in the year of 1948 art of work done Henri was sold on Sept 8th in the year of 2005 for the Museum of current Art by Henry. Comparison : Picasso work of art demoisellles Aveignoen is one of the beautiful part of work and one of the method such type of image is painted in a extremely characteristic of Picasso. The performer finished the image in the first previous centuery in the year of 1907. He use the oil on the canvaes usually pablo is recognized for inexplicably indistinct records in the art of work of that Les avignoen is an huge instance. The image is execution in the show of current Art of work in the place of New York. The next art of work is that i like to talk about is henri the olive row. This image was drawn before two years before Pablo in the year of 1905. now similar to Picasso. Henri used oil on the canvaes art of picture. The different method of the art is classic in the artist. At this end the picture is execution in Statens Museaum in the country of Denmark. Hanri live in the comparable stop of Pabilo. Hanri be born in the country of France in the year of 1869.Twelve years earlier than Pabilo. But Hanri start work of art slightly behind. Handri earlier painting which hanri picture in age 28.Hanri mainly art is mainly example of the expressioniosm. Though a number of of his facility are careful to transmit to another faction. Refferred to the movement of fauevism. Basically, Henri favored brilliant colors mix within one painting. However the method of representation that henri art of work be different from the method in landscape of village side art of work. Though portrait is in dark repetitive. The village side is brilliant and vibrant. Henri use the majority of the occasion uses solid, cruel stroke. from time to time still too large, The artist use broad stroke to paint extremely slim things. example seam on the blouse are distant too broad. Such examples are have been noticed for the duration of the art. one more exceptional quality of the art is the difference. Alter from burn to weak from dull to bright are too pointed, and consequently too noticeable. fundamentally i would explain the image even careless. The colors of the art are contentious in some stain. The hair which he dark as blue and the nose is in a greaved green. In beginning fleeting look the combination of colors stroke looks like ungainly but in realism at the back great ability and originality cloak. Conclusion : The two art discuss on top of are a like in more than a few individuality. Explicitly the both picture show the substance in the indistinct mannear. Both the art look a number of slovenly. colors are used unsuitably .The great difference between these art of work is contain the existence of capacity. While Picasso persistently avoid bountiful relief to the women means of soft darken . Henri sketch darker outline earlier to limits. Some period constant too dim and solid. An additional main variation in method is practice of art of work. Henri stroke are bright and broad and change in shade are evident. While Picasso prefer smoother insignia and fill huge part of the art with the similar paint. The earlier but not the smallest sum variation is the amount of correct size used in the image. Henri found actuality but Picasso try to handbrake it with weird outline. S. Prasad (UG) vfx 1st year ID: 09BA01032 2nd batch.

Thursday, September 19, 2019

Edgar Allen Poe :: essays research papers

â€Å"For the most wild, yet most homely narrative which I am about to pen, I neither expect nor solicit belief. Mad indeed would I be to expect it . . . Yet, mad am I not – and very surely do I not dream. But tomorrow I die, and to-day I would unburthen my soul.† Thus the narrator begins to confess to murdering his wife in â€Å"The Black Cat†, just one of many fascinating creations from short story master and poet, Edgar Allan Poe. Edgar Allan Poe was born on January, 19, 1809 in Boston, where his mother had been employed as an actress. Elizabeth Arnold Poe died in Richmond on December 8, 1811, and Edgar was taken into the family of John Allan, a member of the firm of Ellis and Allan, tobacco-merchants. After attending schools in England and Richmond, young Poe registered at the University of Virginia on February 14, 1826, the second session of the University. He lived in Room 13, West Range. He became an active member of the Jefferson Literary Society, and passed his courses with good grades at the end of the session in December. Mr. Allan failed to give him enough money for necessary expenses, and Poe made debts of which his so-called father did not approve. When Mr. Allan refused to let him return to the University, a quarrel ensued, and Poe was driven from the Allan home without money. Mr. Allan probably sent him a little money later, and Poe went to Boston. There he published a little volume of poetry, Tam erlane and Other Poems. It is such a rare book now that a single copy has sold for $200,000.00 In Boston on May 26, 1827, Poe enlisted in The United States Army as a private using the name Edgar A. Perry. After two years of service, during which he was promoted to the rank of Sergeant-major, he secured, with Mr. Allan's aid, a discharge from the Army and went to Baltimore. He lived there with his aunt, Mrs. Maria Poe Clemm, on the small amounts of money sent by Mr. Allan until he received an appointment to the U.S. Military Academy at West Point. It was during his later years at West Point that he showed a remarkable talent for writing. Exploring themes as diverse as spirituality, astronomy, science and depravity, Poe’s writing is as powerful and arresting today as when he was first published. Edgar Allen Poe :: essays research papers â€Å"For the most wild, yet most homely narrative which I am about to pen, I neither expect nor solicit belief. Mad indeed would I be to expect it . . . Yet, mad am I not – and very surely do I not dream. But tomorrow I die, and to-day I would unburthen my soul.† Thus the narrator begins to confess to murdering his wife in â€Å"The Black Cat†, just one of many fascinating creations from short story master and poet, Edgar Allan Poe. Edgar Allan Poe was born on January, 19, 1809 in Boston, where his mother had been employed as an actress. Elizabeth Arnold Poe died in Richmond on December 8, 1811, and Edgar was taken into the family of John Allan, a member of the firm of Ellis and Allan, tobacco-merchants. After attending schools in England and Richmond, young Poe registered at the University of Virginia on February 14, 1826, the second session of the University. He lived in Room 13, West Range. He became an active member of the Jefferson Literary Society, and passed his courses with good grades at the end of the session in December. Mr. Allan failed to give him enough money for necessary expenses, and Poe made debts of which his so-called father did not approve. When Mr. Allan refused to let him return to the University, a quarrel ensued, and Poe was driven from the Allan home without money. Mr. Allan probably sent him a little money later, and Poe went to Boston. There he published a little volume of poetry, Tam erlane and Other Poems. It is such a rare book now that a single copy has sold for $200,000.00 In Boston on May 26, 1827, Poe enlisted in The United States Army as a private using the name Edgar A. Perry. After two years of service, during which he was promoted to the rank of Sergeant-major, he secured, with Mr. Allan's aid, a discharge from the Army and went to Baltimore. He lived there with his aunt, Mrs. Maria Poe Clemm, on the small amounts of money sent by Mr. Allan until he received an appointment to the U.S. Military Academy at West Point. It was during his later years at West Point that he showed a remarkable talent for writing. Exploring themes as diverse as spirituality, astronomy, science and depravity, Poe’s writing is as powerful and arresting today as when he was first published.

Disabled Clients Are Fellow Citizens? Essay -- essays research papers

Disabled clients are fellow citizens? Developments in the Disabled Peoples Movement have brought disability to the fore as a civil rights issue in Britain. Growing numbers of politically active disabled people have generated an awareness of how their rights as citizens are denied by discrimination and oppression. Out of this has emerged the concept of `independent living'. A philosophy encompassing the full range of human and civil rights necessary for disabled people to be equal members of society. Underpinning this are four key beliefs: that all human life is of value; that anyone, whatever their impairment, is capable of exerting choices; that people who are disabled by society's reaction to physical, intellectual and sensory impairment and to emotional distress have the right to exert control over their lives; that disabled people have the right to participate fully in society (Morris, 1993:21) The focus of this essay is the potential conflict between this philosophy and the policies and practices of social work. In particular, contrasting interpretations of the client/social work relationship will be examined with regard to their capacity to foster these ideals. There is ample evidence that disabled people are poorly housed, less well educated and generally receive less in the way of life-enhancing opportunities when compared to their non-impaired peers (Finklestein (1991). For example, they are four times as likely as non-impaired people to be unemployed, while those who do work receive wages on average 20% lower (RADAR, 1994). Most disabled people, therefore, rely on benefits. Furthermore, those benefits fail to allow for the extra expenses incurred as a result of disability (Cohen, 1996; Thompson, 1996). Thus it is poverty and poor quality of life resulting from discrimination which creates the need for social work intervention. Becoming a client, Davies (1981) suggests, is seen as a `sign of having given up' and as `a mark not only of failure but of shame' (p. 35). This not only further marginalises disabled people from mainstream society, i.e. separates those who are "clients" from those who are not. It also, according to Barton (1993), maintains a.. Cul... ...nd peach, H (eds) (1989):"Disablement in The Community"; Oxford University, Oxford. Payne, M (1991):"Modern Social Work Theory: A Critical Introduction"; Macmillan, London. Smalley, R (1970):"The Functional Approach To Casework Practice"; in Roberts, R., and Nee, R (eds) (1970):"Theories of Social Casework"; University of Chicago Press, London. Thompson, N (1993):"Anti-Discriminatory Practice"; Macmillan, London. Journals. Barton, L (1993):"The Struggle For Citizenship:The Case of Disabled People"; in Disability, Handicap and Society, Vol. 8(3), p 235-248. Cohen, R (1996):"The Poverty Trap"; in Community Care, p 26-27, 1-7 August. George, M (1996):"Figure it Out"; in Community Care, pullout feature, August 1-7. Morris, J (1996):"Where to Now?"; in Community Care, p 25, Sept 26-Oct 2. Oliver, M (1989a) Book Review of Hunter (1988) in Disability, Handicap and Society, Vol. 4(1). Royal Association for Disability and Rehabilitation (1994):"Unemployment" in Donellan, C (ed) (1994). Thompson, A (1996):"The Fight For Rights"; in Community Care, P 14-15, 18-24 July.