Theme of Inequality in The Subjection of Women by John Stuart Mill Essa

In the es ordain, The Subjection on Wo hands, the author John Stuart Mill describes his views on the inequality between men and women. He gives his opinion on why men have so much power everyplace women and why this occurs. John Stuart Mill describes a teaching and system that regulates the social relations between women and men. The principle Mill proposes is the legal subordination of one sex to the other. He is referring to the dominance that men have over women. In 1869, the Parliament in Europe gave little rights to women that created a tremendous gap between men and women. Men would be given the final say on what women could and could not do. The system that regulates the social relations between men and women was the system of inequality. Mill wrote that inequality was not forced on women, but was the look of life since the start of society. Mill argued that even though women voluntarily accepted male domination the majority of women were against it. The only way Mill said that women sustenance in the mid-nineteenth century in Europe could get their opinions known was through written works. The main argument women were trying to make was to be as improve and given the same opportunities that men received. Women wanted to obtain jobs in high positions jobs that required men to listen to women and follow the orders that women gave to men. According to Mill, men wanted women to incline to their needs without forcing them. A wife who seemed to be forced to serve their husband ...

The Impact of African-American Sitcoms on Americas Culture Essay

The partake of African-American Sitcoms on Americas Culture Since its start, the television industry has been criticized for perpetuating myths and stereotypes somewhat African-Americans through characterizations, story lines, and plots. The situation clowning has been the argona that has seemed to draw the most criticism, analysis, and disapproval for stereotyping. From Sanford and Son and The Jeffersons in the 1970s to The Cosby Show (1984) and The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air in the 1990s, sitcoms featuring black casts and characters have always been controversial. However, their importee upon our American culture cannot be disregarded. During the 1950s and 1960s, 97% of the families were Caucasian. In the first five years of the 1990s, n early on 14% of the television families were African-American (Bryant 2001). These statistics obviously evince the substantial impact our American culture has had on African-American television families.Sanford and Son was set in the early 1 970s. They were a truly low class, low-income family that was very disjointed. The receive, Sanford, spent most of his time drunk and putting his son down. There were few, if any, family values emphasized. The only positive heart conveyed was that the son and dad loved distributively other. One of the next popular African-American shows to appear was The Jeffersons. It was about a nouveau riche African-American couple, George and Louise Jefferson. Jefferson was a successful businessman, millionaire and own seven dry cleaning stores. They lived in a ritzy penthouse on the East Side. In fact, the theme song referred to the fact that they were movin on up They lived their lives fill up with money and success. It was the first television computer program that... ...way to a safer place where he could be raised properly. This sitcom emphasized positive African-American stereotypes, such as honesty, love, strong family values, and success. The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air also present that the problems money can bring were not confined to one race. Starting with Sanford and Sons through the progression of The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air, it is perspicuous that the changes transpiring in society are slowly entering the television industry. What would have been acceptable in the 1970s would be totally unacceptable in this day. No longer is an African-American father in a sitcom shown as a worthless, rude individual. The father figure is now shown more as a responsible, loving, and moral person with more realistic faults. Color now seems, through evolution, to be taken out of the equation for the African-American television families. The Impact of African-American Sitcoms on Americas Culture EssayThe Impact of African-American Sitcoms on Americas Culture Since its start, the television industry has been criticized for perpetuating myths and stereotypes about African-Americans through characterizations, story lines, and plots. The situation co medy has been the area that has seemed to draw the most criticism, analysis, and disapproval for stereotyping. From Sanford and Son and The Jeffersons in the 1970s to The Cosby Show (1984) and The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air in the 1990s, sitcoms featuring black casts and characters have always been controversial. However, their significance upon our American culture cannot be disregarded. During the 1950s and 1960s, 97% of the families were Caucasian. In the first five years of the 1990s, nearly 14% of the television families were African-American (Bryant 2001). These statistics obviously show the substantial impact our American culture has had on African-American television families.Sanford and Son was set in the early 1970s. They were a very low class, low-income family that was very disjointed. The father, Sanford, spent most of his time drunk and putting his son down. There were few, if any, family values emphasized. The only positive message conveyed was that the son and d ad loved each other. One of the next popular African-American shows to appear was The Jeffersons. It was about a nouveau riche African-American couple, George and Louise Jefferson. Jefferson was a successful businessman, millionaire and owned seven dry cleaning stores. They lived in a ritzy penthouse on the East Side. In fact, the theme song referred to the fact that they were movin on up They lived their lives filled with money and success. It was the first television program that... ...way to a safer place where he could be raised properly. This sitcom emphasized positive African-American stereotypes, such as honesty, love, strong family values, and success. The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air also demonstrated that the problems money can bring were not confined to one race. Starting with Sanford and Sons through the progression of The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air, it is evident that the changes transpiring in society are slowly entering the television industry. What would have been acce ptable in the 1970s would be totally unacceptable in this day. No longer is an African-American father in a sitcom shown as a worthless, rude individual. The father figure is now shown more as a responsible, loving, and moral person with more realistic faults. Color now seems, through evolution, to be taken out of the equation for the African-American television families.

Factors of Creation of Nationalism Essay -- Political Science

It is nationalism which engenders nations, and not the other way round. Such words were written by prominent kind anthropologist Ernest Gellner in his work Nations and Nationalism (1983). Nationalism can be defined as a person or groups loyalty and buy at for their nation, whatever that nation may be. This brings to light a very troublesome and tortuous subject. Expressed simply as Nationalism, this being is very controversial, many hailing it as a propitious concept, while others putting it down and viewing it in animosity. But what is more controversial & more complex would be the establishment of such. What make its creation? What factors develop it? And what factors affect it the most? As with the topic of beauty, War, or Religion, nationalism and its roots are a again, a being of much controversy. perpetually being argued upon, assumptions of nationalisms creation ranges from it being solely created upon historic, religious, social, geographical, and economical factors, or any combination(s) of the factors stated. An example of an argument which supports History as being the primary quill (and possibly the only) source of nationalism is prevalent within Margret Macmillans work The Uses and Abuses of History (2009) where she states that History provides much of the fuel for Nationalism and that the celebration of the nations great achievementsand the shared sorrow at its defeatssustain and foster it. What she fails to mention is that there is more to development of nationalism than just history. Through my eyes it is unmistakable that Professor Macmillan hasnt fully grasped the depth, or simply has ignored the other factors of nationalism. In respect to a nation and its nationalism, history has a major involve on its... ...D=567.French Revolution (1787-99) -- Britannica Online Encyclopedia. Encyclopedia - Britannica Online Encyclopedia. N.p., n.d. Web. 22 Mar. 2012. .Lecture 11 The Origins of the French Revolution. The History Guide -- Main. N.p., n.d. Web. 10 Mar. 2012. .MacMillan, Margaret. The uses and abuses of history. Toronto Penguin Canada, 2009. Print.Sebesta, Edward , and Euan Hague. The US Civil War as a Theological War Confederate Christian Nationalism and the League of the South. 22 (2002) 253-271. Print.The Reformation. History Learning Site. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 Mar. 2012. .Gellner, Ernest . Nations and Nationalism. 1983. Reprint. Oxford Blackwell Publishing, 2006. Print.

Spiritualism Essay -- Parapsychology Essays, 2015

Dont you remember anything? There is no devil. There is no hell. There is but Unrest. There is no down, only sideways the transparent beside the opaque, and a thin wall to separate them. Leanna Renee Hieber, The Strangely Beautiful Tale of Miss Percy According to Merriam-webster.com, spiritualism is a belief that invigorate of the dead communicate with the living, usually through a medium. However, Spiritualism is more than a belief. Ever since the Spiritualist movement began and spread in the 1800s, Spiritualism has evolved into a religion that continues to be practiced today. Contacting the dead is not a pleasant subject for most people however, although Spiritualism used to be coolly practiced everyday in the legal residences of the Victorians in the 1800s. How did something that once used to be a method of being able to re-unite with your beloved, dead, grandparents warp into something that incites fear?Spiritualism was founded by the Fox sisters back in 1848 when Margaret ta and Kate Fox claimed to have heard mysterious rappings in their little home in Hydesville, unused York. Apparently, their house was reputed to be pursue before the Fox family moved in and there were claims of unexplainable sounds and furniture moving on their own. Margaretta and Fox started speaking to the spirit who was allegedly haunting their home and they eventually developed a system for communication with it. The Fox sisters would ask the spirit a question and they would get answers in return through the bound of rappings. For example, they would interpret one rap for yes or two for no or they would interpret the number of rappings given for a letter in an alphabet. It wasnt long before the neighbors heard about the Fox sisters new found abilities and gathered at their house to witness the spirit rappings for themselves. Soon, they were giving performances in major towns, and that was when the rapping phenomena began to spread. The Fox sisters gained fame through thei r public sances and it wasnt long before other people started claiming that they were also able to speak with spirits and other forms of communicating with the dead were created such as table tipping and slate writing. The Victorian era was marked by romanticismand mysticism with regard to religion, social values, and the arts (http//www.studyblue.com/ peckers/note/n/dr-rescher-english-... ... each other. The information that I have learned regarding this topic has helped me a lot in developing my plot for a comic parole that I am working on for Senior Show titled Post-Mortem. My story is set in the Victorian era where two brothers lament the exit of their loved ones. The older brother especially has a hard time coping with the loss of his fianc, and the little brother tries to contact her and bring her back. However, instead of force back in the beautiful and kind fianc he ends up bringing back one that is hungry for revenge. Even though my story is based in the Victorian era w here contacting the dead had nothing to do with evil spirits, I wanted to make my story more modern by adding a queasy touch.Works CitedMcClenon, James. The Scientific Investigation of Wondrous Events.Wondrous Events Foundation of Religious Belief, University of Pennsylvania Press(1994) 185-207. Print.Simpkins, Sarah. Dr. Rescher English 204.STUDYBLUE. STUDY BLUE, 28 Mar. 2012. Web. 29 Apr. 2015..Roach, Mary.Spook Science Tackles the Afterlife. New York W.W. Norton, 2005. Print.

The Effects of Snowboarding on the Skiing Industry :: essays papers

The Effects of Snowboarding on the Skiing IndustryThe ski industry has been around since the beginning of the century. Since thattime the retail industry of the ski world has been on a steady increase. At the beginning of this decade the increase began to skyrocket. However, skiing was not thereason for the growth. The reason for the spectacular increase in industry sales in the retail world of skiing was due to snowboarding. By now almost eachone in the country has either seen a snowboard, ridden one, or knows someone who has. The purpose of thispaper is to discuss what snowboarding is, and to shed some light on the financial aspectsof this new sport.Snowboarding hit the scene in 1972. Jake Burton, at the age of 15, decided thathe had enough of skiing and wanted to do something a little unalike. With a littleingenuity and some of his dads tools he began working on the first snowboard. Hisproject lasted about three weeks and when he was done he decided to take his inventionto the s lopes and she how it worked. This was almost the end of snowboarding. everyslope Jake went to denied him access, saying that they only allowed skis on the hills. Jake was a very determined nestling and this did not stop him. He began hiking everyback-country trail he could scrape and he became quite efficient at snowboarding. At thesame time he continued to knock on all the ticket windows at every resort but still had no success. He decided that the only way he could prove his invention was nothing morethan a different version of a ski would be to make a video of himself locomote down theback country hills. This was no easy task, keep in mind the year is 1972. Jake was determined and he met up with a guy named Craig Kelly who at the time was into videoproduction of skateboarding and skiing. Jake gave the sales pitch and Craig post hook,line, and sinker. The next week the video was complete and Jake took it to all the resorts with Craig and they pled their case. By this time Jak e had made about a dozen more prototypes of his snowboard and all his best friends were riding them. Finally a small mountain, Okemo, said O.K. Jake you can ride, but only during the week This was all it took and from then on almost anyone that saw this crazy kid zipping down the hill on a wooden board with both feet strapped to it began to ask questions.

The Effects of Snowboarding on the Skiing Industry :: essays papers

The Effects of Snowboarding on the Skiing IndustryThe ski industry has been around since the beginning of the century. Since that clock time the retailing industry of the ski world has been on a steady increase. At the beginning of this decade the increase began to skyrocket. However, skiing was not the dry land for the growth. The reason for the dramatic increase in industry sales in the retail world of skiing was due to snowboarding. By now almost everyone in the acres haseither seen a snowboard, ridden one, or knows some(prenominal)one who has. The purpose of thispaper is to discuss what snowboarding is, and to shed some light on the financial aspectsof this new sport.Snowboarding hit the movie in 1972. Jake Burton, at the age of 15, decided thathe had enough of skiing and wanted to do something a little different. With a littleingenuity and some of his dads tools he began working on the first snowboard. Hisproject lasted about three weeks and when he was done he decided to tak e his inventionto the slopes and she how it worked. This was almost the demise of snowboarding. Everyslope Jake went to denied him access, saying that they only allowed skis on the hills. Jake was a very determined kid and this did not stop him. He began hiking everyback-country trail he could find and he became quite efficient at snowboarding. At thesame time he continued to knock on all the ticket windows at every resort but still had no success. He decided that the only way he could prove his invention was nothing morethan a different version of a ski would be to make a video of himself riding down theback country hills. This was no easy task, make in mind the year is 1972. Jake was determined and he met up with a guy named Craig Kelly who at the time was into videoproduction of skateboarding and skiing. Jake gave the sales instal and Craig bit hook,line, and sinker. The next week the video was complete and Jake took it to all the resorts with Craig and they pled their case. By this time Jake had made about a dozen more prototypes of his snowboard and all his scoop friends were riding them. Finally a small mountain, Okemo, said O.K. Jake you can ride, but only during the week This was all it took and from then on almost anyone that saw this angry kid zipping down the hill on a wooden board with both feet strapped to it began to ask questions.

Reporting Practices and Ethics Essay

IntroductionReporting practices and estimable standards are the most important building blocks that are needed to build a triple-crown health business concern establishment or any business. These reporting practices and ethical standards prove to be the upmost important practices in any health care make-up. When reviewing only the variables and factors, one considers the principals listed in the generally evaluate flooring principles. There are several factors to consider and inforce these principles in an organization. To successfully implement generally accepted write up principles and execute corporate compliance, an organization should consider in order for building a successful organization ethics, fraud and abuse are all key components for hold oning a successful health care or business organization.A successful organization elicitnot be successful unless they integrate and implement the intravenous feeding chemical elements for financial management. In order to i mplement and execute the four element of financial management for a successful organization, the four elements should be implemented and carried place in full on a daily basis for either procedure and operation within the organization. Controlling, planning, organizing, and decision making are the four components every business and/or health care organization should adopt. The four elements are the keys to every good business ethics and standards to maintain a successful organization. quadruple Elements of Financial ManagementThe planning stage of the four elements of financial management proves this stage, is vital to institute goals for a healthcare organization end to end with its effectuation of this stage and the other four elements. The next element of financial management is the controlling stage and in this important stage the organization must set goals for their organization and that each goal is executed and carried out. A perfect example of how an administrator /dir ector/ manager in a healthcare organization can control theirorganization is to conduct audits of the department they oversee. Decision making is defined as the boilersuit performance of the other three elements and determination on evanesce or not the overall performance of the other elements. The success of this can be measured Decision making in conjunction with the other elements and the overall performance and success of other 3 elements ultimately determines decision making elements.Examples, if the organization exceeds the funds budgeted and find they are over budget, the decision making element comes in to play to review these items over budget and draw off an action plan to correct and/or prevent in the future. The four components are a vitally in financial management in that location are also other important principals and standards. The mostly accepted history principles and general financial ethical standards along with corporate compliance, ethics, or fraud and abu se are equally important separately and combined. The four functions of management help the facilities function powerful and spring the management the opportunity to resolve any issue or obstacle that may present as well as the opportunity to growth and make them better to perform and utilized the resources around them. Management is responsible for beginning the process for procedure or task at hand and sustaining the actual rule of home(a) control that is set by the organization.It is important that management/ administrator/ director to oversee and maintain the budget control. The manager/admin/director overseeing the budget should be knowledgeable of how to control the budget and in order to maintain budget control, they should regulate to increase productivity and be familiar with assets, financial reporting and account summary. Every cooptation or health care organization is necessitate to meet the satisfactory operational needs, consequently cash management function helps any organization begin to create a set of policies and procedures to ensure that federal funds are not withdraw unreasonable from the organization and payments are made properly to the programs (Ethics and Compliances May 1994).According to Ethical Behavior by Companies Benefit Society and Business (November 13, 2010), when applying ethical business practices, says that business should ensure that the production of its services should be environmentally ecological and every human involve in the production should not be dangerous or harmful for them. Ethical practices involve the blind drunk financial reporting as well as considerationfor the social and environmental impact of the business. Audit reports help the organizations know the financial condition of the organization for Health Care or any other business as well as the result of the organizations day to day internal operations.Audits are helpful when following the practices of financial reporting practices of the organizati on can serve as a checks and balances and a great tool for capturing financial data, if management checks the financial audit reports often. Financial reports explain in detail how the organization is doing and prevents negative numbers on the company because it records any procedure and activity that happens in the organization (Ethics and Compliances. May 1994). According to American College of Physicians (Snyder. 2012), the environment for the delivery of health care continues to change. Sites of care are shifting, with more care provided in ambulatory settings succession the intensity of inpatient care increases.Generally Accepted Accounting PrincipalsThe phrase generally accepted accounting principles is a technical account term that encompasses the conventions, rules, and procedures required to define accepted accounting practice at a particular time. Generally accepted accounting principles (generally accepted accounting principles) are concerned with the measurement of eco nomic activity, the quantify when such measurements are to be made and recorded, the disclosures surrounding this activity, and the preparation and presentation of summarized economic information in the form of financial statements (Bragg, 2012). Generally accepted accounting principles also known as GAAP to ensure the definition better, GAAP are guidelines that one should follow when trying to establish proper financial documents and reports. With these guidelines to follow, it was easier to maintain the financial reportings for all fields, including healthcare. The generally accepted accounting principles were held in the highest regard.The guidelines of the GAAP have had a high authority when it came to determining financial practices in healthcare. The GAAP influence has dwindled if not stopped. It was stated that it was not required for hospitals, nursing homes or any kind of healthcare facility to adhere to the GAAP (Taebel 1995). It has been documented that the guidelines o f the GAAP has caused facilities to lose money, even though they knew what was best about recognizing costs. It hasbeen suggested that is not required to make decisions based off of the general accepted accounting principles. Capital costs are reimbursed according to a prospective payment system providers are being paid a predetermined amount heedless of GAAP issues (Taebel, 1995).ConclusionThere are countless of different ways that we can touch bases on to understand the importance of a cohesive financial department. It is essential to its success to be ethically compliant and to follow through with policy and procedure. It is up to the financial managers to execute and enforce proper guidelines. In conclusion, there are four elements of the financial structure that is the basis for a financial departments success which are planning, controlling, organizing and decision making. With this information we were able to understand and summarize more in depth the importance of generally accepted accounting principles and general financial ethical standards. Finally, we were able to view examples in those respecting impairment and gain understanding from them. By compiling all of these elements together can guarantee a solid financial department in any healthcare facility.ReferencesAmerican College of Physicians (2010) Ethics in Practice Managed Care and the Changing Health Care Environment. Retrieved 11/13/2010 from http//www.annals.org/content/Bragg, Steven M. Wiley GAAP 2012 Interpretation and Application of Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (10th Edition). Hoboken, NJ, USA John Wiley & Sons, 2011. ProQuest ebrary. Web1 May 2015.Ethics and Compliances Retrieved 11/13/2010 from http//www.miamivalleyhospital.org/mvhdefault.aspx?id=12746 (May 1994)Snyder L, for the American College of Physicians Ethics, Professionalism, and Human Rights Committee. American College of Physicians Ethics Manual Sixth Edition. Ann medical intern Med. 201215673-104. doi10.7326/ 0003-4819-156-1-201201031-00001Taebel, S.W. (1995, October). Supreme Court ruling reduces GAAPs authority in Medicare cases. Healthcare Financial Management, 49(10)

Chalillo Dam

FORTIS INC. AND THE CHALILLO DAM prof Robert Sexty wrote this case solely to provide material for tell discussion. The author does not intend to illustrate either effective or ineffective handling of a managerial situation. The author may have disguise certain names and another(prenominal) identifying culture to protect confidentiality. Richard Ivey civilize of line of products Foundation prohibits any form of reproduction, storage or transmission with egress its written permission. facts of life of this material is not covered under authorization by any reproduction rights organization.To order copies or request permission to reproduce materials, contact Ivey Publishing, Richard Ivey School of Business Foundation, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada, N6A 3K7 phone (519) 661-3208 fax (519) 661-3882 e-mail emailprotected uwo. ca. Copyright 2011, Richard Ivey School of Business Foundation Version 2011-04-29 The executive offices of Fortis Inc. overlooked the harbour in St. can buoys, Canada. Ships could be seen entering and exiting through with(predicate) the Narrows, the outlet to the North Atlantic Ocean. It had snowed and the trees on the Southside Hills were covered with a light dusting of white.H. Stanley Marshall, President and CEO, and John Evans, chief engineer, turned forward from the view and began discussing the chief(prenominal) issue the board of directors would confront at its next meeting in January 2002. Marshall and Evans were planning a presentation on the fellowships Chalillo dkm chore in Belize. They believed the mould should proceed, but they had to convince the board of directors. The task was to make a recommendation including supporting arguments with a falsification to counter the attacks being made on the excogitate by international environmental non-governmental organizations (ENGOs).Fortis had to prepare for the negative exotericity that would most likely occur if the project was approved. If the bon ton was unable to make a convincing argument, it was unlikely the project would proceed. FORTIS CORPORATION Fortis Inc. was a diversified electric utility holding company headquartered in St. Johns, Newfoundland, Canada. Fortis is a Latin word meaning strong, forceful, and firm. The Fortis international banking and insurance financial firm headquartered in The Netherlands and Belgium was not associated with Fortis Inc.In 2001, Fortis wholly owned Newfoundland Power Inc. , the important distributor of power in the province of Newfoundland, and Mari condemnation Electric Company, moderate, the main distributor in Prince Edward Island. Other financial interests included ? ? ? FortisUS Energy Corporation, which operated four hydroelectric generating stations in upper New York state. Fifty per cent of Canadian Niagara Power Company, which sold energy to Canadian and U. S. customers. Twenty per cent of Caribbean Utilities Company Ltd. , the sole supplier of electrical energy o n Grand Cayman, Cayman Islands.This catalogue is authentic to be use only in the BU111- trigger to Business Organization syllabus by Professor Leanne Hagarty, at the Wilfrid Laurier University from 09/10/2012 until 12/19/2012. part outside these parameters is a secure violation. S ? ? ? 9B11M026 Sixty-seven per cent of Belize Electricity Limited (BEL), the only distributor of electricity in Belize, of import America. One hundred per cent of Belize Electric Company Limited (BECOL), which owned a hydroelectric position on the Macal River in Mollejon, Belize.A non-utility subsidiary, Fortis Properties, with investments in commercial properties in Atlantic Canada. 1 Exhibit 1 is a summary of Fortis financial performance for the years 1997 through 2001. FORTIS BELIZE OPERATIONS The Fortis operations in Belize embroiled the company in a social responsibility issue that consumed substantial costs, time, and energy. Belize Electricity Limited (BEL) had been owned by the government o f Belize and was the main supplier of electricity in the country. In October and November 1999, Fortis Inc. acquired 67 per cent of the company for $36 million in cash.It later acquired BECOL and a marriage offer by this company to develop a hydroelectric project in Belize received international attention and became a sensitive issue for management. At the time of acquisition, BEL served just or so 53,000 customers. It was able to meet the countrys peak demand of 44 megawatts from the Mollejon hydro plant, its own diesel-fired generation, and purchases of energy from Comision de Electricidad, the Mexican state-owned power company. During 2000, the company conducted a quarterly Customer Satisfaction Survey and received an average 85 per cent satisfaction rating.Several initiatives improved BELs performance, including expanded service, improved reliability, monthly visits to customers, and the implementation of convenient payment options for customers. 2 BEL enhanced its corporate image in several other ways. It reduced electricity rates by seven per cent a move targeted at commercial customers to assist in stimulating economic activity. 3 The company deployed operational teams from Newfoundland Power and marine Electric to repair damage caused by Hurricane Keith in the northern coastal regions of Belize on September 30, 2000.A safety program was implemented to reduce the risk of trauma to employees and the public. This included the promotion of public safety and sponsorship of safety awareness campaigns. 4 BEL was concerned about the environment and initiated a program to meet complaisance with the ISO 14001 environmental standard. It completed environmental cleanups at its generating plants and some diesel plants were decommissioned. The company signed a Memorandum of Intent to purchase excess capacity from Belize boodle Industries, which had proposed construction of an electrical generation facility fuelled by sugar cane residue. BEL continued to impr ove its operations during 2001. Automated billing was introduced for its now 57,000 customers. cracker-barrel electrification projects continued in partnership with the Belizean government. These projects would eventually result in the closing of the remaining isolated diesel plants. A comprehensive safety audit was conducted and was the stand for a plan to increase employee safety. The 1 Generating Growth 2001 Annual Report, Fortis Inc. , pp. 10-24. Electrifying Growth 2000 Annual Report, Fortis Inc. , p. 16. 3 ibid. , 35. 4 ib. , pp. 4, 16-17. 5 ibid. , pp. 4, 18. 2This document is authorized to be used only in the BU111- origin to Business Organization course by Professor Leanne Hagarty, at the Wilfrid Laurier University from 09/10/2012 until 12/19/2012. Use outside these parameters is a copyright violation. Page 2 9B11M026 Customer Satisfaction Index continued high at 82. 5 per cent. The company worked with the government to develop energy resources to meet the demand for en ergy with the goal of achieving self-sufficiency. 6 BEL was sensitive to environmental concerns and continued to mitigate the environmental tinct of its operations.In October, 2,600 customers were impacted by Iris, a Category IV hurricane which damaged 25 per cent of the distribution form, causing $4 million in damage. The company donated about $40,000 to the Belize Red Cross for relief activities and employees donated clothing, helped build shelters, and cooked and served meals to hurricane victims. 7 The economic performance of BEL is summarized in Exhibit 2. The companys rates and minimum fiber service standards were determined by the Public Utilities Commission (PUC). Also, the company had a license to generate, transmit, distribute, and impart electricity until 2015.At that time, it had the right of first refusal on a posterior license and if its license was not renewed, Fortis was to be p embolden the greater of market value or 120 per cent of net book value of assets. 8 For Fortis, the major event in 2001 was the purchase on January 26 of 95 per cent ownership in the Belize Electric Company Limited (BECOL) with the Belizean government owning the other five per cent. BECOL operated the only commercial hydroelectric station in the country at Mollejon on the Macal River. The plant produced 25 megawatts and was capable of delivering average energy of 80 gigawatt hours.BECOLs entire output was sold to Belize Electricity under a 50-year power purchase agreement. 9 Fortis paid $103. 1 million for BECOL and considered it a trustworthy strategic fit with its operation of BEL. 10 BECOL planned to build another dam on the Macal River and that became a major issue for BEL and Fortis. THE COUNTRY OF BELIZE Belize was a sovereign, democratic state with a government operating on the principles of parliamentary governance based on the Westminster parliamentary system. Until 1973, the country was known as British Honduras.It became independent from Britain in 1981 but maintained membership in the British Commonwealth of Nations. The country was located on the eastern or Caribbean coast of Central America, bordered by Mexico and Guatemala. A low plain extended along the coast with the land rising in the interior, where mountains rose to 1,124 metres above sea level. 84 per cent of the country was covered with forests and about 10 per cent had arable land. The country was 22,966 square kilometres and the climate was subtropical. The main industries were sugar, citrus, fisheries, and bananas with some timber operations, food processing, and construction.Tourism had engender an increasing contributor to the economy. The largest city was Belize city, on the coast, which was the countrys commercial hub. Inland about 75 kilometres was Belmopan, the capital where the seat of government had been relocated from Belize City to escape from the storms that flooded coastal areas. The countrys population was less than 300,000. 11 The government believed that electrification was an important component in its attempts to improve the countrys economy. The possible development of another hydro plant on the Macal River, known as the Chalillo project, was critical to increasing the supply of electricity. Generating Growth 2001 Annual Report, Fortis Inc. , pp. 6, 17. Ibid. , pp. 3, 18. 8 Ibid. , p. 34. 9 Electrifying Growth 2000 Annual Report, Fortis Inc. , p. 6. 10 Generating Growth 2001 Annual Report, Fortis Inc. , p. 4. 11 About Belize, Government of Belize electronic network site, www. governmentofbelize. gov. bz/about_belize. html, accessed December 29, 2008. 7 This document is authorized to be used only in the BU111- Introduction to Business Organization course by Professor Leanne Hagarty, at the Wilfrid Laurier University from 09/10/2012 until 12/19/2012. Use outside these parameters is a copyright violation. Page 3 9B11M026THE CHALILLO PROJECT Fortis, through BECOL, had proposed construction of a dam on the Macal River in the Ca yo District of western Belize at a cost of about US$27. 3 million. The site was located in an unpopulated wilderness area, part of which was in the Mountain Pine rooftree Forest Reserve and the Chaquibul National Park. These areas covered most of the southern half of the Cayo District (see Exhibit 3). It would produce 7. 3 megawatts of electricity for the Belize network and regulate the piss flow of the river. The bidding over the water flow would increase the productivity and reliability of the Mollejon hydropower station downstream.The Chalillo project included the following ? ? ? ? ? a 49. 5-metre-high and 340-metre-wide dam on the river a reservoir with a total surface area of 9. 5 square kilometres a powerhouse at the foot of the dam an 18-kilometre transmission berth from the powerhouse to the Mollejon plant ancillary requirements including an access road and construction camp. 12 Project Justification As they had been working on the project for months, Marshall and Evan s quick identified its benefits, in particular for the Belizean economy and for the citizens of the country.Most importantly, the project would increase electrical output and raise energy self-sufficiency. The second dam on the Macal River would increase the productivity of the existing electrical plant at Mollejon. The output from the two plants would reduce reliance on petroleum generation, as diesel-fuelled generators could be closed. This would reduce greenhouse spoil emissions and the possibility of oil spills. A large portion of Belizean electrical energy was imported from Mexico under a contract that was to expire in 2008.The Mexican system experienced difficulties and was not a stable source, resulting in power outages in Belize. The completion of the Chalillo project meant that Belize would have a to a greater fulfilment reliable and secure supply of electricity, thus stabilizing and possibly reducing prices. Alternative sources of energy were examined by the government and BEL including thermal options (diesel and gas turbines), biomass, Battery Energy computer storage Systems, and solar and wind power. Studies by BEL determined that power generated from the hydro source was less expensive than any other type of power.However, BEL was committed to purchasing power from a bagasse-fuelled generation facility planned by Belize Sugar Industries Limited (BSI). The facility would produce energy by burning crushed sugarcane and woods waste from nearby sawmills. There were also auxiliary benefits from the project. The dam and reservoir would control flooding on the Macal River with significant economic, health and safety benefits to downstream residents, umteen another(prenominal) of whom lived in the rivers floodplain. Also, there would be a steadier supply of water for residents, especially during the dry season.Employment would be created during construction and there would be economic benefits from supply goods and services to the project. 13 12 Information for this section was obtained from Chalillo Hydropower Project Summary, brochure published by Fortis Inc. , Belize Electric Company Ltd. , and Belize Electricity Limited, October 2001, p. 10. 13 Most of the information for this section was obtained from Chalillo Hydropower Project Summary, brochure published by Fortis Inc. , Belize Electric Company Ltd. , and Belize Electricity Limited, October 2001, pp. 7, 10, 15-17.This document is authorized to be used only in the BU111- Introduction to Business Organization course by Professor Leanne Hagarty, at the Wilfrid Laurier University from 09/10/2012 until 12/19/2012. Use outside these parameters is a copyright violation. Page 4 9B11M026 environmental Impact Fortis, through BECOL, was sensitive to the need for an environmental impact assessment. A five-volume Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) key on the Macal River Upstream Storage Facility (technical name for the Chalillo project) was submitted by BECOL to the Belizean government in August 2001. Two portions of the EIA are discussed below.The Natural Hi fiction Museum, London, England, conducted a wildlife impact assessment of the proposed Chalillo project in early 2001. The report confirmed that the area which would be impacted contained a rare and discrete floral floodplain habitat. This habitat relied on the flow of oxygenated water and the seasonal flooding following heavy rain. The project would adversely impact a biologically rich and diverse area, as well as many animals inhabiting the area, including jaguar, Bairds tapir, Morelets crocodile, several species of monkeys, the Central American Scarlet Macaw, and various other bird life.The report concluded that moderation of the negative impacts of large-scale dams on wildlife was usually irreversible and that mitigation efforts were often ineffective. 14 The Natural Hi humbug Museum report applied conservation criteria to three options ? ? ? Do not build the Chalillo dam. This was the bette r(p) opportunity to avoid the impact on key aquatic and terrestrial wildlife. It stated that, This option should be considered seriously, especially if costs identified in reviews of the technical, socio-economic and environmental assessments re considered to outweigh the benefits of meeting the growing demand and utilization of electrical energy by increasingly criticised hydroelectric projects. Select an alternative site for damming. If tributaries were dammed instead, they could potentially supply the same volume of water with less damage to the environment. But, this alternative would require technical, economic and environmental surveys. Proceed as planned. If this option were followed, it would not be possible to satisfactorily mitigate against most of the long-term impact to the environment.However, the report did identify measures that would partially alleviate some of the impact of construction and operation. 15 The report identified several measures to mitigate or offset the impact of the project, including building roads to avoid sensitive wild plant and animal life sites, matter safe and clear guidelines to drivers, prohibiting all hunting and settling in the area, providing fire protection, maintaining a minimum water flow in the river, and re-aerating water before relinquish it downstream. 16 The concluding recommendation of the report wasBased on the rarity of the habitat, and the dependence on this habitat by several endangered species, the No pretend option is highly recommended as the most suitable and appropriate option for the long-term viability and conservation of wildlife in Belize. 17 The Canadian International Development self-assurance (CIDA) hired AMEC, a British engineering and project management consulting firm, to prepare an environmental impact assessment of the Chalillo project. CIDAs involvement was a form of aid to a developing country.The assessment was performed in accordance with the Belize Environmental Protection Ac t and the Projects Outside Canada Environmental 14 C. M. Minty, Preliminary Report on the scientific and Biodiversity Value of the Macal and Raspaculo A Wildlife Impact Assessment for the Proposed Macal River Upper Storage Facility (Executive Summary), The Natural History Museum, London, England, May 24, 2001, http//old. probeinternational. org/catalog/pi/documents/belize/NHM9_05_01Wia15. pdf. 15 Ibid. , p. 49. 16 Ibid. , pp. 46-47. 17 Ibid. , p. 49.This document is authorized to be used only in the BU111- Introduction to Business Organization course by Professor Leanne Hagarty, at the Wilfrid Laurier University from 09/10/2012 until 12/19/2012. Use outside these parameters is a copyright violation. Page 5 9B11M026 Assessment Regulations of the Canadian Environmental Assessment Act. CIDAs report, dated August 2001, summarized the advantages and disadvantages of the project. Adverse predicted impacts were the risk to plant and animal species. There would be no predicted impact on pop ulation, tourism and ecreation, transportation and public safety, heritage and archaeological resources, water and air quality, parks and forest preserves, and aquatic resources. Positive predicted impacts would include labour force, economy, flood control, reliability of power supply, increased power self-sufficiency, and change magnitude cost of electricity. 18 The reports conclusions regarding the Chalillo project on the Macal River included 1. The project is presently the most economical option for generating power in Belize. 2.It is some(prenominal) technically and economically viable and will maximize the hydroelectric power generation of the river. 3. It will help decrease energy reliance on outside sources. 4. The electric utility will have the flexibility necessary to provide better service to its customers. 5. There will be significant flood control benefits to downstream stakeholders. 19 The studies called for a plan to implement the recommended mitigation measures, in cluding the development of a contingency plan prior to construction. Also, a monitoring or residency plan should be formulated. 0 Marshall and the Fortis management believed that the environmental impact had been adequately studied. Marshall stated that, Fortis has undertaken a comprehensive study of the environmental implications of the Chalillo project and the benefits of the project to the people of Belize. 21 Opposition to the Project During 2001, criticisms and opposition were voluminous, some of which are listed in Exhibit 3. In addition, several Canadian print and overspread media carried stories, there were letters to the editor in newspapers, and avow web sites were established.Numerous environmental ENGOs campaigned against the project, including probe International (PI), Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC), Sierra Club, the Sierra Club of Canada, the Belize conglutination of Conservation Non-Governmental Organizations (BACONGO), Humber Environmental Action Group , Humber Natural History Society, Petitcodiac Riverkeeper, Action Environment, Defenders of Wildlife, Environment Coalition of Prince Edward Island, and Falls Brook Centre. In particular, Probe International carried out an vulturine campaign and coordinated the protests of other ENGOs. 2 PI was an environmental advocacy group that fought to apprehend ill-conceived aid, trade projects and foreign investments. It worked to give citizens the withalls they needed to mark off these projects using the rule of jurisprudence, democratic processes, and honest and transparent accounting. 23 It was a division of the Energy Probe Research Foundation, a well-known Canadian environmental and energy policy ENGO created in 1980. Its tactics included letter-writing to public officials, preparation and publishing of reports and articles, media releases, speech presentations, and public demonstrations. 18 Macal River Upstream Storage Facility Environmental Impact Assessment Part 1 Main Report (E xecutive Summary), AMEC and Canadian International Development Agency, August 2001, www. probeinternational. org/chalillo/news-andopinion/macal-river-upstream-storage-facility-environmental-impact-assessment. 19 Ibid. , Main Report, p. 18. 20 Ibid. , Executive Summary, ES-2 and ES-3. 21 newsworthiness Article, Fortis Inc. web site, November 1, 2002, www. fortisinc. com/News/Article. aspx? id=134. 22 Fortis Belize web site, Probe International, www. probeinternational. org/fortis-belize/news_and_opinion. 3 About Us, Probe International web site, www. probeinternational. org/node/5818tabs-tabset-1. This document is authorized to be used only in the BU111- Introduction to Business Organization course by Professor Leanne Hagarty, at the Wilfrid Laurier University from 09/10/2012 until 12/19/2012. Use outside these parameters is a copyright violation. Page 6 9B11M026 The other main opposition came from NRDC, an environmental action group founded in 1970. Its mission was to sentry go th e Earth its people, its plants and animals, and the natural systems on which all life depends.It had offices in seven U. S. cities, staff of about 300 lawyers, scientists and policy experts, and about one million members. Robert F. Kennedy, junior , a lawyer, was the main spokesperson for NRDC on the Chalillo project. 24 Probe International maintained an elaborate web site in opposition to the project. Another web site devoted exclusively to the Chalillo project was Stop Fortis at www. stopfortis. org, which contained extensive information on the project, including photographs. Several environmental groups placed advertisements in Canadian newspapers.The verbiage in one advertisement included Look her a jaguar in the eyes. Now explain why a Canadian company wants to destroy her home. It wont be easy. Fortis Inc. of Newfoundland plans to profit from it with a dam that makes no sense. Look him Stan Marshall in the eyes. And tell Fortis CEO Stan Marshall that it is wrong to destroy one of the wildest places left in all of Central America. 25 Readers were invited to visit a web site, www. stopfortis. org, or call toll free 1-866-STOP-FORTIS. The criticisms of Fortis practices and the dams construction are summarized in Exhibit 4.Fortis, and Marshall in particular, responded to this criticism. A news release was made on November 1, 2001, called Decision to Build Hydroelectric Dam in Belize Should Reside with Belizeans. The main points made in the release were ? ? ? ? Belizeans should decide on the construction of the dam. Contrary to information from ENGOs, the dam is economically feasible and will ensure a more stable energy supply. Information presented by ENGOs is misleading the media about the environmental impact of the project. Fortis is willing to review its business activities with stakeholders. 6 In a story in The Telegram on November 2, Marshall stated to a reporter that, This bombardment in the media of misleading information is putting enormous pres sure on me, attacking me personally and inundating the media with lies. He also said, Whatever we do as an electric company will impact the environment, but its a question of how well we can manage our activities. On balance, this project is a good one. If I felt personally that we were going to threaten an endangered species and wipe it out no. I would not propose going ahead with it. 27In mid-2001, the Belizean governments National Environmental Appraisal Committee began its evaluation of the project. The Committee was comprised of order government members and two nongovernment members representing the Association of National Development Agencies and BACONGO. In mid-November 2001, the Committee granted the environmental clearance for construction of the Chalillo dam, as the economic and other benefits of the project outweighed the environmental costs. Its decision was conditional upon the development and signing of the Environmental Compliance Plan (ECP), which 24Natural Resou rces Defense Council web site, www. nrdc. org/about. Look her in the eyes, advertisement, The Telegram, St. Johns, Newfoundland, October 18, 2001, D11. 26 News Article, Fortis Inc. web site, November 1, 2002, www. fortisinc. com/News/Article. aspx? id=134. 27 Will Hilliard, Dam opponents misled Fortis, The Telegram, St. Johns, Newfoundland, November 2, 2001, A3. 25 This document is authorized to be used only in the BU111- Introduction to Business Organization course by Professor Leanne Hagarty, at the Wilfrid Laurier University from 09/10/2012 until 12/19/2012.Use outside these parameters is a copyright violation. Page 7 9B11M026 would incorporate the mitigation measures identified in the EIA in addition to those recommended during the evaluation process. 28 Opponents of the project immediately criticized the decision, take uping that the government was biased. The government members voted for the project and the prime minister had publicly back up the project. Critics also pointe d out the lack of public consultation during the evaluation process. They claimed the public hearings being held after the publishment were to present or explain the decision.This approach contravened law that required public hearings with submissions from interested stakeholders. 29 The Decision and Expected Opposition Looking back over the past year, Marshall and Evans were amazed at the extent of the opposition and criticism. Even with the Belizean governments approval, they realized that the coming year would most likely be more of the same. Some of the circumstances and challenges that Fortis management confront were ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Legal action seeking injunctions or stoppage of the project in the Belizean, Canadian and British court systems.Political lobbying by ENGOs of government agencies, officials and politicians in Belize and Canada. Pressures to reduce electricity prices and certainly against increasing them. Customer satisfaction measures competency decline if lower prices were not delivered. Protests against the project through letters to the editor, demonstrations at Fortis properties, and petitions. More celebrity protest appearances. Newspaper advertising against the project. apportionholders might be concerned and there might be questions from activists at the Annual Shareholders Meeting.The social investing concept was increasing in popularity. Calls for more environmental studies and challenges from ENGOs on the accuracy of EIAs. Constant monitoring and evaluation by ENGOs of everything related to the project. Adverse media coverage. The political environment might change in Belize if a different party was elected to govern. The project had consumed a lot of time, energy and resources and Marshall and Evans wondered whether or not it was worth it. There might be less demanding projects which would add as much value to the company.They turned away from the harbour view and started to draft their report and recommendation to the boa rd of directors. 28 Chalillo Dam receives Environmental Clearance, Press Release, Ministry of the Environment, November 13, 2001, http//sanpedrosun. net/old/01-453. html. 29 Chalillo Dam Who will benefit? (Editorial), The San Pedro Sun, 1146, November 22, 2001, http//sanpedrosun. net/old/01-463. html. This document is authorized to be used only in the BU111- Introduction to Business Organization course by Professor Leanne Hagarty, at the Wilfrid Laurier University from 09/10/2012 until 12/19/2012.Use outside these parameters is a copyright violation. Page 8 9B11M026 Exhibit 1 SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA FORTIS INC. 1997-2001 (In Canadian Dollars) Operating Revenues (000$) Operating Expenses (000$) Income Taxes (000$) Share Earnings (000$) Total Assets (000$) Book Value per Share $ Dividend per Share $ Share Price (closing) $ 1997 486,662 341,024 29,449 30,006 1,017,396 25. 58 1. 76 42. 00 1998 472,725 339,429 22,998 27,414 1,037,192 26. 09 1. 80 38. 25 1999 505,218 356,227 27,476 29,1 83 1,238,597 26. 21 1. 81 31. 40 2000 580,197 417,607 17,228 36,759 1,478,596 7. 89 1. 84 36. 00 2001 628,254 418,347 28,088 53,442 1,642,752 29. 97 1. 87 46. 95 Source Historical Financial Summary, Generating Growth 2001 Annual Report, Fortis Inc. , pp. 58-59. Exhibit 2 BELIZE ELECTRICITY LIMITED FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE 2000 AND 2001 (In Canadian Dollars) Earnings Energy gross revenue Revenues Power Expenses Other Operating Expenses Earnings Contributed to Fortis Inc. Capital Expenditures Long-Term Debt 2000 $8. 2 m 229 GWh $63. 6 m $30. 6 m $13. 6 m $5. 5 m $21. 0 m $60. 6 m 2001 $9. 3 m 257 GWh $72. 4 m $34. 8 m $14. 2 m $6. 3 m $27. 6 m $84. 3 mSource Electrifying Growth 2000 Annual Report, Fortis Inc. , pp. 35-36, and Generating Growth 2001 Annual Report, Fortis Inc. , pp. 3, 33-34, 38, 48. This document is authorized to be used only in the BU111- Introduction to Business Organization course by Professor Leanne Hagarty, at the Wilfrid Laurier University from 09/10/2012 until 12/1 9/2012. Use outside these parameters is a copyright violation. Page 9 9B11M026 Exhibit 3 SELECTED ACTIVITIES OPPOSING THE CHALILLO PROJECT DURING 2001 February 2 May 5 May 20 June 3 August 29 September 20 October 4 October 12 October 18 October 29 October 30October 31 November 1 November 30 December 2 December 4 December 1823 December 31 Belizean newspaper, The Reporter, carries a story about a school teacher allegedly being fired because he opposed the project M. P. Keith Martin requests release of environmental impact assessment in the Canadian House of Commons Oral Question Period The Reporter carries story that proposed dam could flood Maya ruins The Reporter carries story claiming Canadians not being told the righteousness about the Chalillo project Probe International complains to Minister of International Cooperation about CIDAs secrecyHarrison Ford speaks out against the proposed dam Opposition MP Svend Robinson expresses concern about project to Minister of International C ooperation Probe International and other groups write a letter to the Minister of Foreign Affairs calling for the government to stop supporting the dam Coalition of environmental groups launch a series of hard hitting advertisements in Atlantic Canadian newspapers opposing the dam Probe International writes a letter to Fortis board of directors regarding the companys refusal to meet with citizens groups Greg Malone, St.Johns comedian, starts campaign to save endangered creatures National Post editorial states that what Belize call for is a free energy market rather than an uneconomical dam Harrison Ford, Robert Kennedy, and others lobby against dam that could destroy a forest at a Toronto short letter Exchange press conference Concerned citizens from across Atlantic Canada hold regional day of action in opposition to the project Environmental NGOs announce they will be contacting Fortis major shareholders Probe International files a complaint against CIDAs involvement with the hyd ro schemeRobert Kennedy Jr. travels to Belize to support citizens opposing the dam Conservation groups claim that the Belizean governments clearance for the hydro project is illegal Source Compiled from Belize Fortis Campaign, pp. 13-20, Probe International web site, www. probeinternational. org/fortisbelize/news_and_opinion. This document is authorized to be used only in the BU111- Introduction to Business Organization course by Professor Leanne Hagarty, at the Wilfrid Laurier University from 09/10/2012 until 12/19/2012.Use outside these parameters is a copyright violation. Page 10 9B11M026 Exhibit 4 MAIN CRITICISMS OF THE CHALILLO PROJECT ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? The threat to wild and plant life, especially endangered species. The dam would exacerbate the water quality problems downstream. The dam might flood Maya ruins, destroying the cultural landscape. Limestone caves might drain the reservoir. The claim that the project was uneconomical and not the cheapest option. The only reason the project was viable was because BEL had a monopoly and could come up costs from captive customers.Fortis unwillingness to consider alternative sources, denying consumers better and cheaper electricity. The allegation that Fortis asked the Canadian government, through CIDA, to pay for a study justifying the project. It was claimed that the study was biased, involved too much secrecy, and failed to promote and ensure effective stakeholder consultation. According to environmental groups, Fortis denied them access to pertinent information and failed to consult them. Fortis would not make its own geology studies and engineering plans public or agree to an independent panel review.There was insufficient information on the impact of the project. Source Compiled from Belize Fortis Campaign, pp. 13-20, Probe International web site, www. probeinternational. org/fortisbelize/news_and_opinion. This document is authorized to be used only in the BU111- Introduction to Business Organization c ourse by Professor Leanne Hagarty, at the Wilfrid Laurier University from 09/10/2012 until 12/19/2012. Use outside these parameters is a copyright violation. Page 11

Mountains vs Beaches Vacation

Editing Worksheet for Essay Drafts ENG 111Your NameGregory Wishart 1. Name of the establish author Shakara Beals 2. Is the thesis statement the last sentence in the introductory separate and does it contain the three points? Yes ___ List the three points a. liabilities incurred by the business b. financing of the business c. scuttlebutt and involvement in the business 3. Outline the essay below. thesis Statement (copy) There are many similarities as well as differences between the two, which include the liabilities incurred by the business, the financing of the business, as well as the input and involvement in the business Support/Reason OneGeneral coalition assumes unlimited liability whereas a limited partnership has an outline of each partners role in assumption of liability Support/Reason Two In a general partnership you receive an equal share, however with a limited partnership you have only invested in a portion of the business Support/Reason Three (may be there or notcoul d be the contrasting paragraph) A general partnership is involved with many more aspects of the daily operation of the business whereas a limited partner is not. 4. Are their three points listed in the same order in the body paragraph as introduced in the thesis statement?Yes 5. What pattern of development does the author use in this essay? You may underline one narration, description, or division-classification. Now, tell me how you know. Due to thoroughly describing each type of partnership and showing the similarities and differences in detail. 6. Finally, what devices has the author used to spend a penny unity and coherence. Circle them below and then give me an example from the essay. Repeated Key Wordsliabilities, partners Synonyms Pronouns (give me antecendent) Parallel Structure Transitional ExpressionsLastly, on the other hand, for instance pen to previous point

Motivations and Emotions VS Formal and Informal Power

Virtually all of our reading (Chapters 6, 7, and 8) has either a formal or lax agent theme associated with them because in essence power is intangible. Popular perspective is that power is considered a personal characteristic. Frequently people refer to power as the means to how unmatched person exhibits domination or influence over another individual. In an brass instrument, power is purely a structural characteristic take to mass control or procedurally influence the actions of the various employees or processes. It is vital to my analysis to reflect upon the pauperizations and emotions of the collective mind-frame and how informal and formal power in organization manipulates these psychological aspects in order to accomplish a goal.This comparative research paper shall initially focus on on the conceptual understanding of power at an organisational level. When referring to an organization, people see organizations as bureaucratic entities created to fulfill a function using a variety of tools, hierarchical leadership, team ownership, process ending styles, and institutionalized rules or procedures. As organizations are often large and complex structures with large employee counts it is vital that a hierarchy be in place to address tasks and indicate which employee wishings to be assigned to which project.As a hierarchy is a formal process there are individuals aligned to various positions in the leadership strand. Power along this chain typically transfers downwards in order to assure that orders are carried out as requested. This authority along the vertical chain is immerseed by people through an organization. Employees accept that top executives and project managers have the legitimate right to make key decisions required for a projects completion. Employees too accept that goals must be set by leadership in order to provide direction and procedures which everyone can follow and comprehend.This directing of activities enables rickers to see that power throughout the organizational structure helps control the decision making process itself. In addition, it clearly allows for ownership and helps manager become accountable for projects or processes. As orders can be accepted or denied in an organization there is always an underlying emotion associated with the actual outcome. In addition, as some tasks or processes are considered more all-important(prenominal) then others there is also a certain amount of access to greater tools or resources granted to individuals assigned to those organizational contributions. These individuals are usually considered Subject Matter Experts (SMEs) and are crucial to the continued prosperity or success of a division, department, or process flow.Rationally and politically, organizations must focus on enhancing people relationships in order to obtain a relishd level of success in projects. Formally an organization wields power by stress to pool individual strengths to produce a result. L ogically, organizations need to be considered a centralized power which lays out procedures, rules, and the foundation for which it upholds its mission, value system, and produces a product (whether it be physical or intellectual).Informally, an organization seeks to empower workers so they can participate in decision making roles. In general, an organization prefers to have satisfied employees versus disgruntle ones. In pursuit of this goal, organizations have taken to comprehending what motivates the every-day employee. Organizations have bestowed upon their management the responsibility of determining on an individual employee level the wants and needs of an employee which can motivate the employee. As there are m some(prenominal) process theories associated with this motivation we shall be focusing on several aspects of this emotional and psychological requirements.Based upon Boons and Kurtz, the Motivation Theory can be categorized under 2 distinct approaches. The first approa ch is a holistic evaluation of factors within a persons personality or psychology which honours appropriate behavior or stops inappropriate behavior. The second approach focuses on how, why, and what the actual behavior itself needs to be sustained or stopped. The second approach is consisted more analytical then the first.Within the first approach lies Maslows 5 level need hierarchy, Alderders 3 level ERG Theory and Hierarchy, and Herzbergs two factor possibility known as hygiene and motivators. Included in the second approach is Vrooms VIE Expectancy as a theory of personal choice, Adams Equity Theory which correlates individual choice as they compare work practices/ milieus, and the goal-setting theory that emphasizes that conscious goals and intentions are considered the detriments of behavior though I will include only a few of these theories in this paper.These two approaches colloquially tomboy on motivating and emotional factors. In Maslows hierarchy of needs, psychologis ts have established that motivated individuals are more likely to exhibit consistent competent performance. Based upon this hierarchy the first rang of the hierarchy is the importance of the basic and psychological needs such as food, shelter, exercise, loving interaction, and sleep. Psychologists have determined that it is human desire to have these basic needs fulfilled in order to be motivated to do a advantageously pedigree.These fulfillment needs are not true motivators though but necessities. Following this satisfaction, an employee needs to feel secure and protected from economic insecurities and protected from harm, violence, and disease exposure which enables them to be self-motivated and willing to accept self-management as the basic necessity is cared for. For instance, organizations must play a key role in securing dangerous materials which can potentially harm an employee. Often security and safety in the workforce goes hand-in hand and is considered a formal power that organization uses to control decisions. In terms of security, the most common security is job security. If a project is nearing completion there is a level of apprehension from workers about their continued role in the corporation.Following this fulfilled need, is the comfort zone of social needs or requirements. These needs are vital in the informal organization as they include belonging, approval, and group membership. For instance, it is not uncommon for individuals who have been promoted to be concerned about fitting-in with employees who were once on their own functional level. Thus, project managers should always build upon the team spirit and any opportunity for social activities to reinforce unity and emotional ties to the organization. Organizations sometimes become lost in the hierarchy of decision-making and must consider the emotional welfare of their employees.The last two needs base upon the Maslows hierarchy are esteem and self-actualization, and these two nee ds differ based upon personality types as head. In the capacity of these two needs, recognition and potency are important to any professional whose role requires creation of a project or product. Self-actualization is acquired when employees are performing projects which interest, intrigue, or challenge their skill-set.Managers can informally motivate by using self-actualization and esteem techniques to provide employees with opportunities for career growth, chance for promotion or raises, recognition in the team for well-done work, job security, hoi polloi of open communication, opportunity for growth in technical expertise, challenging projects, and proper management control measures. This informal power wielded by managers incites employees to continue to produce good work while been stimulated by a good work environment.Similarly, Alderfers ERG theory contains a set of 3 needs Existence, Relatedness, and Growth. Based upon this theory the existence needs are Maslows first and second needs combined, the relatedness is Maslows third and fourth needs, and growth is Maslows fourth and fifth levels. unconnected Maslow who believed that individually hierarchy skipped leads to more motivation, Alderfer insisted that each of these needs must be fulfilled at the organizational level and focusing on simply one need at a time does not sufficiently motivate the employee.In addition the ERG theory states that should the higher need stick around fulfilled the employee will atavism to a lower level known as the frustration-regression theory. For example, if career growth or non-challenging work is provided coworkers might instead proceed to socializing with coworkers instead of running(a) on projects. In addition, ample learning opportunities should be provided for employees to progress from one role to another if desired. Managers in this theory need to address each need separately and be aware that it differs from person to person.Interestingly Herbergs Two-Fact or Theory, also referred to as the dissatisfiers-satisfiers, are hygiene motivators or the extrinsic-intrinsic factors. The Extrinsic factors are job security, salary, working conditions, status, company procedures, quality of technical supervision, and quality of interpersonal relation. Intrinsic are achievement, recognition, responsibility, advancement, the work itself, and the possibility of growth. Though the theory of hygiene does not motivate employees it does negate any opportunity for dissatisfaction in the work environment and it empowers employers to seek good leadership, control, and leadership in the organization.These better conditions leave room for motivation for both project managers and employees to chance recognition, strive for achievement, advancement in roles, and further an interest in the project requiring completion. Project managers must adopt a positive attitude and provide each employee with the attention he or she requires. This power that managers have can be shown as they give assignments that provide challenges, provide a good working environment complete with team spirit, define performance expectations clearly and consistently, and provide honest critic as well as give credit for job well done.In all tasks, people weigh the value of their input to what they obtain as an output. In Adams Equity Theory, employees have a need for evenhandedness and equality at work and they strive to ensure that this occurs. For instance, if an employee believe himself or herself underpaid then the quality of work produced goes down as does the quantity of work produced and the vice versa for overpaid feelings.Therefore, it is up to the manager to provide market rates or ranges for a role, and empower workers to research how much they can make in particular roles. This is an incentive and motivation to pursue growth in the company. This communication of rates invites employees to take time to learn, communicate professional expectations, and gro w with the company.Formally, an organization exercises the opportunity for a great accord of power by using a variety of methods to influence behavior and promote motivation of employees. In action, organizations can motivate employees using performance operate pay increases, merit pay, team awards as an encouragement method, team recognition, goal-setting methods, continued education, and positive reinforcement.These methods are drivers for motivation and enable growth in a company. Nevertheless, it is important to remember that an organization is run by individuals and motivations and emotions will never become completed forgotten. It is up to management to exercise power and control to help employees remain satisfied that their needs are being met and considered at all levels of management.ReferenceRobbins, Stephen P. and Judge, Timothy A. Organizational Behavior. 12th Edition. Pearson Prentice Hall. 2007

Reliable Source

Associate Level Material Appendix J Reliable Sources Worksheet Locate two sources in the University Library on a topic of your choice. Provide the required development for both sources. Source 1 Author Kaylin , Lucy Date Dec2011 Title The Family Man Publication Write a 100- to 150-word response to each of the following questions Is the source reliable? How do you know? Yes, the source is reliable it explains exactly what your looking for as in the topic. The data provides key out you whats it focus as The Family Man.In short detail the abstract get directly to the point on what the source of information will be about. What he does as a family man and how he is consider as The Family Man. He is not a father provided he does support a thin family of orphaned children and his intentions for them are good. Is the information relevant to the topic? Yes, the available information is relevant to the topic, while reading the abstract of the back it gives you a brief unofficial on what it is about. The Family Man is a man that is not a father but who supports a small family of orphaned children.He doesnt get emotionally attached to the kids for what ever reason I dont know but as a man he does support them and have good intentions for them but he just doesnt express his emotions to them. This is a typical man at times. So yes The Family Man abstract does have relevant connections to the topic. Does the information weigh a bias on the authors part? If so, what is the bias? With this source no this is information doesnt reflect a bias on the authors part. No one is against or being treated unfair. Source 2 Author Kriesberg, Louis Date May67 Title Rearing Children for educational achievements in fatherless families. Publication Write a 100- to 150-word response to each of the following questions Is the source reliable? How do you know? Yes, this source is reliable it gives you accurate information about the topic and leads you to honestly of why married and husbandless mothers are compared to assess how certain concomitants of fatherless families may be related to attitudes and behaviors relevant for their childrens educational achievement. Is the information relevant to the topic? Yes, the available information is relevant to the topic.While reading the abstract of the back it gives you a brief summary on what it is about. Rearing children for educational achievement in fatherless families is basically explaining about the students that doesnt have a father are not focused into the educational achievement and see to me their always getting compared to the kids that has fathers and thats focus into the educational achievement. Does the information reflect a bias on the authors part? If so, what is the bias? Yes, this information is a reflection of bias on the authors part being that the children with fathers always getting compared to the children with no father.

Ten Steps Of Billing Process Health And Social Care Essay

card One. Pre- memorialize the affected roles. Obtain or verify the persevering s demographics. Gather the patient s name, reference, phone figure, day of the month of birth, the nature of the health check job, the insured s name, reference, phone figure, relation of the insured to the patient, type of redress, insured s ID figure. Determine if referrals argon needed or is a anterior hostelry needed? Verify referral or mandate phone Numberss provided on the card, co-pay sexual union, co- indemnification, and whether the health check job is due to an car accident, or a work related accident. This schooling helps to find if a commercial amends is primary or if an separate policy is primary. Information obtained at pre-registration is important to the level procedure and decreases denials ( Deutscher, 2008 ) .Measure Two. piss the fiscal duties for the higgle. Verify redress eligibility and find how much to roll up up forepart from the patient. Insurance and every in exclusively some another(prenominal) breeding demands to be look on at to each one visit beca apply patients may reassign from one insurance program to another, move or alteration occupations. Eligibility can alter month to month on certain types of insurance therefore these types must be verified on each visit. This is besides where an account of the installation s policy on fiscal affairs is given to the patient ( Deutscher, 2008 ) .Measure Three. Check-in the patient. Obtain the health check history and demographics of new patients. Confirm with returning patients that all reading is right field and up to day of the month. At this point, their record should be checked for any past charges still unpaid. If the patient s insurance go out non be application this visit, or if the patient is without insurance, have the patient mark a wrick accepting duty for the entire sum due of this visit. Some installations collect co-pays at this point ( Deutscher, 2008 ) .Measure Fo ur. Check-out patients. Enter the health check and process codifications for the visit to set up a charge with the patient or the patient s insurance. harbor them all prescription, lab faux pas or referral paperwork they might necessitate for ordered work. Schedule a follow-up assignment if necessary. Besides record any minutess for this visit ( Fordney, 2008 ) .Measure Five. Reappraisal coding conformity. Obtain CPT and ICD-9 codifications from the doctor ( s ) . Verify that all information is right to begin with come ining it into the computing machine clay. wholly codifications should be checked for mistakes. boththing in the study should logically associate together so the insurance company understands the necessity for the medical exam exam charge applied ( Fordney, 2008 ) .Measure Six. Check charge conformity. When it comes to a charge conformity program, the stairss in the charge procedure have to be done right by the regulations and ordinances set by the conformity p rogram. The medical records must hold the right codifications for the charge to be right. A conformity program prevents fraud from happening, and helps happen and fix mistakes in medical certification and charge. Documentation must besides follow the regulations of the conformity program as good ( Fordney, 2008 ) .Measure Seven. Prep ar and transmit admits. This is largely done electronically now, and the transmittals of adopts have to be HIPAA compliant. This transmittal besides involves the insurance company or the clearinghouse directive a reception of recognition of the ask filed ( Fordney, 2008 ) .Measure Eight. Monitor payer adjudication. This involves maintain an aging study which shows all outstanding claims in columns, base on how many yearss old they ar in 30 twenty- quatern hours increases. At 30 yearss, the procedure of naming on or resubmitting the claim begins ( Fordney, 2008 ) .Step Nine. Gene outrank patient orderments. Monitoring of patient balances is any bit of import. This is handled by directing monthly statements to patients with balances owing ( Fordney, 2008 ) .Measure Ten. Follow up on patient payments and handle collectings. Identify which statements have gone out more than one time. If it has been move trine times so it s of import to allow the patient know that his or her history is in danger of being sent to aggregation ( Fordney, 2008 ) .1.a. Brush varietys. The brush signifier is known by several different names, such as superbill, charge faux pas, and routing signifier. This signifier is printed out and attached to the patient s health record at the clip of check-in. Besides the identifying information, it besides contains the procedural and diagnostic codifications and whether the patient should return for an assignment. This is a combination of a measure, an insurance signifier and a rout- formation used in both computing machine and paper based systems. For computerized systems, this signifier can be scanned to input the charges and diagnoses into the patient s history and medical record. Some have barcodes that can be read to input the charges and diagnoses into the patient s history and medical record. Some medical patterns use the brush signifier as a routing sheet and as an bill to the patient. When used as a routing sheet, it becomes a beginning papers for insurance claim informations. The brush s process and diagnostic codification subdivisions should be updated on reprinted twice a twelvemonth, based on alterations, add-ons, and omissions of procedural and diagnostic codifications ( Fordney, 2008 ) history of Benefits. The Explanation of Benefits ( EOB ) , besides referred to as remission of sin advice, is a papers issued saying the position of the claim. This is sent by the remunerators to both the donees and suppliers. EOBs provide the necessary information round claim payment information and patient duty sums. Every wellness insurance company, including HMOs, is required to sup ply the insured or subscriber with an Explanation of Benefits in response to the filing of a claim. EOBs be non required when military table service is provided by a take parting supplier who receives full reimbursement straight from the insurance company, but will be provided upon petition. Each EOB must include the succeeding(prenominal) name of the supplier of the service, day of the month of service, designation of the service, supplier s charge, the sum or per centum collectable after deductibles, co-payment and any other decrease of the sum claimed, telephone figure or reference where an insured may obtain elucidation, information on how to register an entreaty of a denial of benefits, including the applicable timeframe to register ( Fordney, 2008 ) .Advance Beneficiary Notice. An Advance Beneficiary Notice ( ABN ) is besides known as a release of liability. When a patient is to have a service or an point from a take parting supplier or suppler, that might be denied for m edical necessity by Medicargon, the supplier or provider must inform the patient and have him or her agree to pay for the denied service in progress. Every infinite on the ABN must be filled in before giving it to the patient to subscribe. Suppliers on the other manus, atomic number 18 non required to give the patient an ABN for services or points excluded from Medicare coverage. ABNs merely use if the patient is in the original Medicare program, and non in a Medicare clandestine wellness program. If the patient does non acquire an ABN to subscribe before the service or point from the supplier, it is non specifically excluded from coverage, and Medicare does non pay for it, so the patient does non hold to pay for it. If the supplier does give the patient an ABN that is signed before service or given the point, and Medicare does non pay for it, so the patient will hold to pay the supplier. Medicare considers the appropriate usage of ABNs a conformity issue. When directing in a clai m, the HCPCS qualifier -GA must be added to the appropriate codifications to bespeak that the patient has signed the release ( Fordney, 2008 ) .Remittance Advice. Electronic remittal advice ( ERA ) is an on-line dealing about the position of a claim. It gives information on claims paid or denied, and sends a ground to the charge specializer. Managed solicitude programs pay by either a capitation system or based on the services given to the patient with a statement of remittal or account of benefits ( EOB ) . In the system when payment is based on services rendered, and a statement of remittal or EOB is generated, such statements will enumerate services that have been rendered to patients and normally indicate the sum billed, sum allowed, sum paid, and any co-payment to be made by the patient. By and large patients under managed maintenance programs do non have an EOB. With Medicaid, if a supplier wants to have an ERA, so a signifier must be completed and sent to the financial agen t. If a supplier is utilizing the paper system, so Medicaid will direct a remittal advice ( RA ) with all Medicaid payment cheques. Medicare sends a payment cheque on with a topicly standardised papers to take parting doctors called a Medicare RA. On the front side of the RA are position codifications that are the same countrywide, stand foring the ground a claim may non hold been paid in full or was denied, etc. These codifications are defined on the rearward side of the RA. Non-participating doctors besides receive an RA with payment information about unassigned claims ( Fordney, 2008 ) .Engagement Contracts. Participating suppliers ( par ) has a subjugateual understanding with an insurance program to render worry to eligible donees and so measures the tertiary ships company straight. The third party remunerator pays its part of the allowed sum, and the supplier measures the patient for the balance non paid by the insurance company, after the excluded part is adjusted off th e history. There are some programs though where the take parting supplier is called a member, and they may accept the payment as payment in full, or may be free to measure the patient for any unpaid balance, depending on the contract ( Fordney, 2008 ) .1.b. Adjudication procedure for remunerators and suppliers. Once a claim has been sent to the patient s wellness program, the remunerators review the claims through the adjudication procedure. Through this procedure the remunerator puts the claim through a series of stairss to find if it should be paid or non. After these stairss are completed, the remunerator decides to either pay the claim in full, to merely pay some of it, or to deny it wholly. Upon this, a study is sent to the supplier along with payment. If the patient has more than one insurance program, the primary program will direct the balance of the claim to them. Suppliers have contracted agreements with each remunerator wherefore what the remunerator pays out may non fit the supplier s fee. Most suppliers so adjust/write off the difference of their fee to what the remunerator pays out. It is every bit of import for the supplier to supervise the claims. The faster the supplier can have payment the better his or her bottom line becomes. To supervise the claim during adjudication, the supplier must cognize the sum of clip the remunerator is allowed to take to react to the claim, and how long the claim has been in procedure. Suppliers have to register the claim deep down a certain sum of clip after the service, and remunerators have to treat clean claims within the claim turn-around clip agreed upon in the engagement contract ( prompt-pay Torahs ) . Aging is the 3rd portion of claim followup. Producing an aging study lets the supplier cognize how long the remunerator has had the claim. HIPAA 276 is the enquiry that is sent to obtain information on the position of a claim and HIPAA 277 is the response returned by the remunerator. From here the supplie r must cognize the timetable for subjecting a corrected claim and how to register a second claim if necessary, how to feed confirm if a claim has been denied for losing or wrong informations, and how to manage a petition for more information or certification ( Valerius, Newby & A Seggern, 2008 ) .2. Claims ProcessingHospital/Facility Claims ProcessingClaims Transmission The infirmary forwards the medical claims to the medical charge squad via a messenger or as scanned paperss. The medical claim must be supported by patient inside informations such as demographics, superbills, charge sheets, insurance confirmation informations, a duplicate of the insurance card and any other information refering to the patient ( Fordney, 2008 ) .Retrieval and Checking of medical examination Claims The medical charge staff accesses the medical claims and back uping paperss. All paperss are checked for illegible or losing paperss and the infirmary charge office is notified instantly so that they ca n re-scan and direct losing paperss ( Fordney, 2008 ) .Medical Cryptography An of import measure in claims treating is to repair the process and diagnoses codifications for each patient based on criterions such as CPT ( Current Procedural Terminology ) and ICD-9 ( International Classification of Diseases, Ninth fluctuation ) . The degree of service determines the 5-digit process codification, while the canvas codification is based on the medical diagnosing made by the mendelevium ( Fordney, 2008 ) .Charge mankind Medical Billing professionals will so make appropriate medical claims based on charge regulations refering to specific bearers and locations. All medical claims must be created within agreed turnaround times by and large 24 hours. A thorough audit and checking of the completed medical claims is done at eightfold degrees. The medical claims are checked for right and complete information, right process and diagnosing codifications, and the genuineness of all other relev ant information about the patient, since incomplete/incorrect information is one of the individual most common grounds for rejection of medical claims ( Fordney, 2008 ) .Medical Claims Audit A thorough audit and checking of the completed medical claims is done at multiple degrees. The medical claims are checked for right and complete information, right process and diagnosing codifications and genuineness of all other relevant information about the patient since incomplete/incorrect information is one the individual most common ground for rejection of medical claims ( Fordney, 2008 ) .Medical Claims Transmission Medical claims created are filed for follow up before they are sent electronically to the claims transmittal section with all relevant information on each medical claim ( Fordney, 2008 ) .Claims Submission to Insurance Agencies The audited, listed and recorded medical claims are printed out and dispatched to allow Insurance Agencies or governmental sections, with any fond reg ards or back uping paperss that may be required for colony ( Fordney, 2008 ) .Follow-up and Settlement This involves the cerebrate phases where the medical charge squad follows up consistently with the insurance companies and payment bureaus until the concluding colony is disbursed ( Outsource2india, 2010 ) .Reprinted from Outsource2india, 2010Physician/Provider Claims ProcessingData entry of patient demographics, mentioning doctor, CPT and ICD economys, and Modifier ( s ) is entered into the medical charge packageScan the paperss for charge mistakes and straighten out them if neededAdjudicate client claims for truthPreparation of Explanation of Benefits ( EOBs )Submit and file the claim with the insurance companyFollow up on the claims with the insurance companyApprise biller of the position of the claimProcess denied claims and re-adjudicate them for claims entry ( Outscource2india, 2010 )Comparison of Commercial, Managed veneration and federal official Insurance PlansCommerci al wellness insurance covers medical disbursals and deterioration income for theInsured and are sold for by net income bearers. Policies vary in sums harmonizing to the types of specific coverage that they provide. It is besides coverage that provides 2 types of benefits disablement income and medical disbursals ( answers.com ) .Managed Care Insurance feature is the inducement for the insured to remain within a specific web of wellness attention suppliers. Managed attention plans fall into 3 staple fibre types HMO, PPO, and POS. HMOs provide medical intervention on a postpaid footing, which means that HMO members pay a mulish monthly fee, irrespective of how much medical attention is needed in a certain clip period. A PPO is made up of physicians and or infirmaries that provide medical service merely to a specific group and a system where the patient pays no deductible and normally merely a little co-payment when they use a wellness attention supplier within their web ( answers .com ) .Federal Insurance plans. One of the most outstanding characteristics of the Federal Employee Health Benefit Program ( FEHBP ) is the picks it allows. There are three types of programs fee-for-service and preferable supplier organisation ( PPO ) , normally offered combined, HMOs, and high deductible wellness insurance programs and other consumer-driven programs. In the FEHBP, the federal authorities sets minimum criterions and if met by an insurance company, allows it to take part in the plan. The consequence is legion viing insurance programs that are available to federal employees. The FEHBP has frequently been proposed as a theoretical account for national wellness insurance and sometimes as a plan that could straight inscribe the uninsured ( opm.gov ) .Major Payment and ReimbursementsA Prospective Payment administration ( PPS ) is a method of reimbursement in whichMedicare ( CMS ) payment is made based on a predetermined fixed sum. The payment sum for a peculiar service is derived based on the assortment system of that service, such as diagnosis-related groups ( DRG ) for inpatient infirmary services.A DRGs have been used in the US since 1983 to find how much Medicare pays the infirmary, since patients within each class are clinically similar, and will hold the same degree of hospital resources ( Fordney, 2008 ) .In the prospective payment method, payment order for health care services are established in progress for a specific clip period. Two types of prospective payment methods are per-diem and case-based payment. In per-diem, the 3rd party remunerator reimburses the supplier with a fixed rate for each twenty-four hours a covered patient is hospitalized. In instance based, 3rd party remunerators reimburse suppliers per instance instead than for each service or per diem ( Casto, Layman, 2006 ) .CMS besides uses separate PPSs for reimbursement to acute inpatient infirmaries, place wellness bureaus, hospice, hospital outpatient, inmate psychiat rical installations, inmate rehabilitation installations, long-run attention infirmaries, and skilled nursing installations ( CMS.gov ) .Another state SpainDuring the 1980 s alterations came to the Spanish health care plan. First they started with a social security system that assured wellness attention coverage for merely the working and retired people while a combination of common and private organisations ensured raw material attention for the remainder of the population. It was nt until 1997 that DRG coding came into drama for hospital reimbursement. Previously wellness attention was reimbursed harmonizing to a per contact system based on Basic attention Units ( Cots, Salvador, Chiarello, Bustins, Castells, ( n.d. ) ) .DRG payment systems were foremost used in Catalonia in 1997. They adopted the CMS DRG coding version. Hospitals received an sum per instance depending on the comparative mean DRG weight of all infirmary discharges. The infirmary comparative ration is multiplie d by a fixed sum that is published yearly. Catalonia Health sets the discharge monetary values for each comparative resource strength ( IRR ) and the construction comparative index ( IRE ) every bit good as two burdening per centums. IRE reflects the infirmary s construction degree, while the degree of the infirmary s ingestion of resources ( IRR ) is defined by DRG discharge weights coded with CMS DRGS ( Cots, Salvador, Chiarello, Bustins, Castells, ( n.d. ) ) .Outline Different PPS in the United statesPhysician attention groups ( PCHs )PPS method for physician services in ambulatory scenesvisit basedclassified services harmonizing to clinical similarity and sceneincludes patients from all age groups and from split of the universe with instance mixes of diseases and differing forms of health care bringingPediatric Modified Diagnosis Related Groups ( PM-DRGs )for newborns and paediatric patientsdeveloped by National Association of Children s Hospitals and Related InstitutionsAll Pa tient DRGs ( AP-DRGs )categorizations for neonatal, paediatric, bad obstetrical, multiple injury, organ graft, and ventilator-dependent patientsallows accurate comparings of patients in footings of length of stay, resource ingestion and resultsInternational refined DRGs ( IR-DRGs )inpatient categorization systemdesigned for footing of payment of international health careClinical hazard groups ( CRGs )predicts future health care outgoscapitated payment systemincludes all age groupsfee for service reimbursement and episode of attention reimbursementbased on unit of payment ( Casto, Layman, 2006 )Acute convict PPSeach instance is categorized into a diagnosis-related group ( DRG )each DRG has a payment weight assigned to it, based on the mean resources used to handle Medicare patients in that DRGbasal payment rate is multiplied by the DRG comparative weight.Home Health PPSMedicare pays place wellness bureaus ( HHAs ) a preset base paymentadjusted for the wellness status and attention d emands of the doneepayment is besides adjusted for the geographic differences in rewards for HHAs across the state.instance mix accommodation for the wellness status, or clinical features, and service demands of the doneeprovide HHAs with payments for each 60-day episode of attention for each benefitInpatient Psychiatric Facilities PPSpaid under the infirmary inmate prospective payment system ( PPS )certain types of forte infirmaries and units were excluded from PPS because the PPS diagnosing related groups do non accurately history for the resource costs for the types of patients treated in those installationsFacilities originally excluded from PPS included rehabilitation, psychiatric, kids s, malignant neoplastic disease, and long term attention infirmaries, rehabilitation and psychiatric infirmary distinguishable portion units, and infirmaries located outside the 50 provinces and Puerto Rico( BBRA ) ( Pub.L. 106-113 ) , directed the development of a per diem PPS for inmate psychi atric services furnished in infirmaries and exempt units.Inpatient Rehabilitation Facilities PPSauthorizes the proceeding of a per discharge prospective payment system ( PPS ) ,utilize information from a patient appraisal instrument ( IRF PAI ) to sort patients into distinguishable groups based on clinical features and expected resource demands.Separate payments are reckon for each group, including the application of instance and installation degree accommodations. huge-Term Care Hospital PPSa per discharge system with a diagnosis-related group ( DRG ) based patient categorization systemreflects the differences in patient resources and coststhe Secretary shall analyze, and may supply for, accommodations payments to DRG weights, country pay accommodations, geographic reclassification, outliers, updatesSkilled Nursing Facilities PPSpayment rates are adjusted for instance mix and geographic fluctuation in rewardsscreen all costs of supplying covered SNF services ( everyday, accessory , and capital-related costs ) .Inpatient PPS PC Pricerinfirmary is paid a fixed sum for each patient discharged in a Diagnosis Related Group ( DRG )fixed sum is intended to cover the cost of handling a typical patient for a peculiar DRG.The PPS Pricer package, calculates discharges from October 1 through September 30 for a given financial twelvemonth ( CMS.gov ) .6.Local Medical ReviewLocal medical reappraisal policies are developed to assist suppliers and providers in subjecting right claims for payment. Local policies depict when and under what conditions a service, point, or supply is considered medically sore and necessary, every bit good as the methods contractors will utilize to refresh claims. These policies are the buttocks of the reappraisal procedure. They define the service, decides when a service is sensible and necessary, outlines any coverage standards or specific certification demands, provides specific coding or modifier information and provides mentions upon whi ch the policy is based. CMS requires that local policies be consistent with national guidelines, hence utilizing an consultative commission of medical professionals within Medicare and the medical community, LMRPs is developed. Once they are developed and implemented, LMRPs so provides the determination devising standards for any claim reappraisal and payment determinations. With each province keeping its ain Medicare contractor, A consequences in each province holding its ain LMRP Local Medical Review Policies ( LMPR, 2010 ) .7.HIPAA Privacy and security department loomHIPAA privateness regulation applies to protected wellness information ( PHI ) in any signifier or medium while the Security Rule covers merely PHI that is electronically stored or transmitted by covered entities. The Security Rule ( SR ) has a broader enterprise than the confidentiality focal point of the Privacy Rule. This Security Rules aims at guaranting the unity and handiness of electronic PHI excessively. T he Security Rule has to turn to issues such as informations backup, disaster recovery and exigency operations. SR has to do certain that covered entities that collect, maintain, use or transmit PHI in electronic signifier must build sensible and appropriate administrative, physical and proficient precautions that guarantee unity, handiness and confidentiality. Such processs must supply protection against any moderately awaited menaces or jeopardies. The Security Rule besides includes a criterion for electronic signatures ( Fordney, 2008 ) .8.Classifications, Taxonomies, Terminologies and TerminologiesTaxonomies are defined as the scientific discipline of categorization. These are the numeral and alphasupplier forte 10 figure codifications which are assigned to sort each wellness attention supplier. Taxonomy codifications are necessary because some institutional suppliers may non take to use for a alone national supplier figure for each of its subparts. The type of forte could impact the doctor s wage depending on the contract with the remunerator ( Fordney, 2008 ) .Categorizations are legion in the claims processing. There is the categorization of diseases, and categorization of patients outpatient, inmate, and ambulatory patients, to call a few. Everything is put into a categorization which if used and understood, helps the claims processor with truth ( Fordney, 2008 ) .Terminologies are footings abbreviated to initials. In claims insurance there are EOB, ERA, HMO, DRG, CPT, APG, AVG, MDC, AMA, CMS, EDI, ED, etc. It s the alone linguistic communication spoken by claim processors. A speech can hold several significances therefore it is of import to cognize which terminologies are non acceptable to a installation. Besides, when in uncertainty, inquire a physician or other medical professional what the abbreviation means ( Fordney, 2008 ) .In claims treating nomenclatures such as EOBs ( Explanations of Benefits ) , EOMB ( Explanation of Medicare Benefits ) , E RA ( Electronic Remittance Advice ) , RA ( remittal advice ) are illustrations. These are words that are easy understood throughout the profession ( Fordney, 2008 ) .Office of Inspector GeneralOIG undertakes countrywide audits, every bit good as probes and reviews to reexamine theclaim entry procedure of suppliers and reimbursement forms of the plans. The presence of an OIG conformity plan can significantly relieve imposed punishments in the event of an OIG audit or other finds of deceitful charge activities. A super auditing and monitoring plan will assist minimise the hazard of fraud and maltreatment by placing hazard countries ( igo.state.gov ) . type Improvement Organization in MichiganMPRO is a non-profit-making organisation and serves as the quality betterment organisation( QIO ) for Michigan since 1984. It is contracted with the Centers for Medicare & A Medicaid Services. Its charge isWork with Michigan Medicare suppliers to better the quality of attention for its endorsers .Promote all Michigan Medicare suppliers to follow grounds based medical specialty in all scenes.Protect the unity of the Medicare Trust Fund, by doing certain that Medicare pays merely for goods and services that are medically necessary that are performed in a veracious medical scene.Protect the endorsers by look intoing their ailments and entreaties.QIO besides provides advisory services, medical and utilization reappraisals, informations analysis tofederal bureaus, province Medicaid and public wellness bureaus, health care installations, and private wellness programs and 3rd party remunerators. QIO consists of a mixture of physician referees, clinical quality betterment and patient gumshoe experts and statisticians. QIO serves infirmaries, nursing places, place wellness attention, physician offices and managed attention scenes ( MPRO.org ) .MPRO s wellness attention quality betterment plans include legion preparations and go oning instruction events for Michigan suppliers acros s all scenes. Many events are free and Continuing Education Creditss are besides available. MPRO assists Michigan Medicare suppliers ( free of charge ) to better the quality and bringing of their wellness attention by the execution of evidence-based medical specialty that improves procedures and results. Areas of coverage includeBeneficiary ProtectionPatient SafetyPreventionTo better quality, safety and efficiency, MPRO publishes booklets for Medicare donees, explicating their rights as a donee ( MPRO, org ) . separate countries of service includeBreast crabby person and Cervical Cancer Control Program ( BCCCP )Independent Medical ReviewInformal Dispute Resolution ( IDR )Long Term Care RemediationCare Compliance Solutions for Long Term Care ProvidersMedicaid Fee-for-Service Utilization Review ProgramExternal Quality Review ( EQR )MPRO is incline oning a Care Transitions undertaking in the mid Michigan country ( specifically, Clinton, Eaton and Ingham counties ) to measurably bette r the quality of attention of Medicare donees who transition between attention scenes. MPRO focuses on bettering coordination of attention between suppliers and across the continuum of attention by advancing seamless passages from the infirmary to place, skilled nursing attention, place wellness attention or other suppliers to forestall evitable readmission to the infirmary ( MPRO.org ) .The end of the Prevention Theme is to better the quality and frequence of preventative wellness attention services in order to optimise beneficiary quality of liveliness and wellness attention efficiencies ( MPRO.org )The Prevention Theme focuses on the undermentioned clinical subjectsBreast CancerColorectal Cancer ( CRC ) showingInfluenza ImmunizationsPneumococcal ImmunizationsProfessionalism in Health CareProfessionalism Hard to specify, but you know it when you see it. Medical moralss are non Torahs, but criterions of behavior by and large accepted as moral guidelines for behaviour, by which a professional may mensurate the decorousness of his or her behavior in relationship with patients, doctors, colleagues, the authorities, and insurance companies. Acting with ethical behaviour agencies to transporting out duties with unity, decency, honestness, competency, consideration, regard, equity, trust, and bravery. The American Medical Association ( AMA ) adopted a codification of moralss for the benefit of the wellness professional in 1980. The net income Health Coalition developed an eHealth Code of Ethics to protect patient s information on the Internet ( Fordney, 2008 ) .An person must hold a assortment of features or qualities to work good as aninsurance charge or coding specializer. Some of these qualities areStrong critical thought and comprehensive reading accomplishmentsLogical and practical mind every bit good as a originative job convergent thinkerGood organizational accomplishmentsDetail orientedOne s properties, accomplishments, personal image and behavior all c ontribute to professionalism ( Fordney, 2008 ) .Webster s Collegiate Dictionary defines professionalism as the behavior, aims or qualities that qualify or mark a profession or a professional individual . All professionals portion common features and a codification to stay by. only it is non what we do as a professional, but how we do it, that defines the medical professionalism. It is the unconditioned lovingness of the patient, irrespective of their ability to pay or their station in life ( Fordney, 2008 ) .Most everyone knows instinctively what is meant when they hear the words he s so professional. This evokes an image of high competency and high moralss person commanding regard. All countries of professionalism has a codification of behavior, it is non alone to the medical profession. This codification is the moral compass that keeps us on the consecutive and narrow. It will be our moralss that will separate us as a true professional ( Fordney, 2008 ) .Standards of Ethica l CryptographyCoding professionals shouldApply accurate, complete, and consistent cryptography patterns for the production of high-quality health care informations.Report all health care informations elements ( e.g. diagnosing and process codifications, nowadays on admittance index, discharge position ) required for external coverage intents ( e.g. reimbursement and other administrative utilizations, population wellness, quality and patient safety measuring, and research ) wholly and accurately, in conformity with regulative and certification criterions and demands and applicable functionary coding conventions, regulations, and guidelines.Assign and study merely the codifications and informations that are clearly and systematically supported by wellness record certification in conformity with applicable codification set and abstraction conventions, regulations, and guidelines.Question supplier ( physician or other qualified health care practician ) for elucidation and extra certific ation prior to code assignment when there is conflicting, uncomplete, or equivocal information in the wellness record sing a important reportable status or process or other reportable informations component aquiline on wellness record certification ( e.g. nowadays on admittance index ) . dribble to alter reported codifications or the narrations of codifications so that significances are misrepresented.Garbage to take part in or back up cryptography or certification patterns intended to unsuitably increase payment, measure up for insurance policy coverage, or skew informations by agencies that do non follow with federal and province legislative acts, ordinances and official regulations and guidelines.Facilitate interdisciplinary coaction in state of affairss back uping proper cryptography patterns.Advance coding cognition and pattern through go oning instruction.Garbage to take part in or insure unethical cryptography or abstraction patterns or processs.Protect the confidentiality of the wellness record at all times and garbage to entree protected wellness information non required for coding-related activities ( illustrations of coding-related activities include completion of codification assignment, other wellness record information abstraction, coding audits, and educational intents ) .Demonstrate behaviour that reflects unity, shows a consignment to ethical and legal cryptography patterns, and Fosters trust in professional activities ( AHIMA.org ) . Revised and approved by the House of Delegates 09/08. All rights reserved. Reprint and cite merely with proper mention to AHIMA s writing.The Federal RegisterThe Federal Register is the day-to-day official diary of the Federal Government of the United States that contains public notices of authorities bureaus. The Federal Register is compiled by the Office of the Federal Register ( within the National Archives and Records Administration ) and is printed by the Government Printing Office. Since it is a publicat ion of the U.S. Government, there are no copyright limitations on the Federal Register. It is in the public sphere and contains proposed new regulations and ordinances, Final regulations, alterations to bing regulations, and notices of meetings and adjudicative proceedings. This is a good mention for alterations in the wellness industry and maintaining abreast of approaching alterations.Example of a concluding regulationHealth Insurance ReformAlterations to Electronic DataTransaction Standards and Code SetsAGENCY Office of the Secretary, HHS.Action Concluding regulation.Summary In this concluding regulation, we respond to public remarks received and finalize commissariats applicable to electronic informations dealing criterions from two related proposed regulations published in the May 31, 2002, Federal Register. We are besides following proposed alterations to executing specifications for wellness attention entities and others. In add-on, we are followingalterations to implementat ion specifications for several electronic dealing criterions that were omitted from the May 31, 2002, proposed regulations.Effective Dates These ordinances are effectual on March 24, 2003.A164.500 Amended 6. A In 164.500 ( B ) ( 1 ) ( four ) , take the words including the appellation of wellness attention constituents of a covered entity .A 165.501 Amended 7. In A164.501, the definitions of the undermentioned footings are removed Covered maps Disclosure, Individual, organize wellness attention agreement, Plan sponsor Protected wellnessinformation, Required by jurisprudence, and Use.A 164.504 Amended 8. In A164.504, the undermentioned alterations are madea. The definitions of the undermentioned footings are removed Common control, Common ownership, Health attention constituent, and Hybrid entity. B. Paragraphs ( B ) through ( vitamin D ) are removed and reserved.Authority Sections 1173 and 1175 of the Social Security Act ( 42 U.S.C. 1329d-2 and1320-4 ) . Dated January 13, 2003.T ommy G. Thompson,Secretary. FR Doc. 03-3877 Filed 2-13-03 845 am